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脱羧反应

脱羧反应

脱羧反应有机化合物中的羧基(-COOH)转变为(-H),同时放出二氧化碳(CO2)的反应。

生物化学

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常见氨基酸脱羧生成的生化合成反应:

柠檬酸循环中的脱羧反应:

催化脱羧反应的称为脱羧酶,EC编号4.1.1。

有机化学

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逆合成分析中,脱羧反应是使碳链变短的方法之一。

α-酮酸脱羧与稀硫酸共热时即可脱羧形成醛,但若用具氧化性的Tollens试剂,就会将生成的醛进而氧化为羧酸。

饱和羧酸脱羧常需要将底物在高沸点溶剂中加热,介质选取盐或碱石灰[1]等。丙二酸酯合成中的产物与盐酸共热也会发生脱羧。[2]

β-酮酸脱羧更加容易,原因是可生成环状的过渡态,如Knoevenagel缩合反应Barton脱羧反应为自由基反应。

Kolbe电解中,电解羧酸盐溶液,得到脱羧偶联的产物,该反应是通过自由基机理发生的[3]

CH3COOH → CH3COO → CH3COO· → CH3· + CO2
2CH3· → CH3CH3

因为反应是自由基机制进行的,因此需注意的是,长链羧酸进行科尔贝电解时的产率较低。

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ Jim Clark. The Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids and their Salts. Chemguide. 2004 [2007-10-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-13). 
  2. ^ Malonic Ester Synthesis. Organic Chemistry Portal. [2007-10-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-06). 
  3. ^ Kolbe Electrolysis. Organic Chemistry Portal. [2007-10-22]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-09). 
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脱羧反应
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