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贡士

貢士,指两朝科举制度之中試者,明代主要用來指代舉人,清代則專指會試中式尚未殿試的舉人。

歷史沿革

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先秦時指诸侯推荐给周天子之士[1]漢朝封國推举之孝廉[2]時稱州府科舉鄉貢、鄉舉中試者鄉貢士韓愈說:“常觀于皇都,每年貢士至千馀人。”[3],到了大和九年(835年),中書門下奏稱:“每年貢士,嘗僅千人。”[4]

代時稱舉人為貢士、时,則專指會試錄取者統稱貢士,貢士第一名稱為「會元」,前十名稱為「元魁」,十一至二十名稱為「會魁」。貢士經殿試決定出身等第,即成為進士。因北宋之後殿試依慣例不黜落貢士,僅決定進士名次,故一般習慣於會試考中後即稱進士。

亦有部分會試中試者因各種原因沒參加殿試,故終其一生都是貢士

註釋

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  1. ^ 禮記》射義:“是故古者天子之制,諸侯歲獻貢士于天子,天子試之於射宮。”
  2. ^ 後漢書》列傳五十一·左雄:“郡國孝廉,古之貢士,出則宰民,宣協風教。”
  3. ^ 全唐文》卷556,《送權秀才序》
  4. ^ 冊府元龜》卷641,《貢舉部·條制三》

參考資料

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參見

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贡士
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