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视杆细胞

視桿細胞視錐細胞能看到的各波長[1]

视杆细胞(英語:rod cell拉丁語radius)是视网膜上与视锥细胞相称的一种细胞,主要分布在视网膜中心周围,且较视锥细胞对光更敏感,几乎主要全部用于夜视力,并作为外围视力的支持。人类视网膜平均有约1亿2500万个视杆细胞。

形态

树突呈细桿状,称为视杆,视杆外节的膜盘除基部少数膜盘仍与胞膜相连,其余大部分均在边缘处与胞膜脱离,成为独立的膜盘。[2]

较视锥细胞,视杆细胞更尖细、瘦长,但两者基本结构是一样的。色素依附在细胞上皮的外围,维持着长时间的动态平衡,色素末端呈累起来的碟状。视杆细胞具有相当大的面积为视色素,因此极具捕获光线的能力。但由于其仅有一种光敏色素,而非视锥细胞的三种,因此很难形成色觉。[3]

如同视锥细胞,视杆细胞也有一个突触末端,内里部分和外围部分。它的突触末端和另一个神经元形成一个突触,内里部分含细胞器细胞核,外围部分则延向眼睛后端,并含光敏物质。[4]

光感

此章節尚無參考來源,內容或許無法查證。 (2024年3月14日)

1个光子就足以激发视杆细胞的活动,它对单个光子的敏感程度是视锥细胞的100多倍。也因此视杆细胞建立人类在夜晚最基本的视觉,暗视觉。视锥细胞则需要数十到上百个光子的激发。

数个视杆细胞通常由单个神经元间汇集,以收集和放大视觉信号。然而这对视敏度则有所损失,单个神经元和单个视杆细胞相连的结构可得到更清晰的视觉图景。

视杆细胞亦较视锥细胞传递光信号慢,收到刺激的时间约100毫秒。而这一特性虽然使其更适应于更少量的光线,但也降低了其捕获时空变化的能力,譬如快速闪现的图片。

乔治·沃尔德和其他人的实验表明,视杆细胞对510nm左右波长的绿-綠光最为敏感,对波长大于640nm的红光则显迟钝。

参考文献

  1. ^ Bowmaker J.K. & Dartnall H.J.A. Visual pigments of rods and cones in a human retina. J. Physiol. 1980, 298: 501–511. PMC 1279132可免费查阅. PMID 7359434. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013097. 
  2. ^ Trepel, M. (2015). Neuroanatomie: Struktur und Funktion, 6. Ausgabe, pp. 319-323. Urban & Fischer Verlag, München.
  3. ^ "Photoreception" McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, vol. 13, p.460 2007
  4. ^ Kandel E.R., Schwartz, J.H., Jessell, T.M. (2000). Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., pp.507-513. McGraw-Hill, New York.
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视杆细胞
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