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袋獅

袋獅
化石时期:2.0–0.046 Ma
上新世末至更新世
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 哺乳纲 Mammalia
演化支 有袋類 Marsupialia
目: 雙門齒目 Diprotodontia
科: 袋獅科 Thylacoleonidae
属: 袋獅屬 Thylacoleo
Owen, 1859

袋獅学名Thylacoleo)是一滅絕肉食性有袋類動物,生存於上新世末至更新世末(2 百萬年前 - 46,000 年前)的澳洲模式種劊子手袋獅T. carnifex)。

描述

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袋獅是澳洲最大的肉食性動物,且是最大的肉食性有袋類。牠可能在森林、林地、灌叢帶及河谷等地進行獵食。

袋獅的最近親是草食性袋熊樹熊。牠是所有現存及已滅絕哺乳動物中,咬勁最強的,重101公斤(223磅)公斤的袋獅一咬可以媲美一頭重250公斤的獅子,研究也顯示,袋獅會狩獵比牠還大型的獵物。[1] 牠會獵食像雙門齒獸巨型短面袋鼠等大型動物。牠是有袋類中專門的獵食者[2],牠的前肢極度強壯,有可收縮的爪,這都是有袋類中未曾有過的。牠有鋒利的裂齒及強壯的顎肌,可以從獵物撕開一大片的肉。這些特徵綜合起來估計牠有可能會攀樹,並保存獵物的腐肉(類似於現存的花豹[3]

袋獅肩高71 cm(28英寸),長114 cm(45英寸)。牠們平均重101至130公斤(223至287磅),個別的可重達124至160公斤(273至353磅)。[4] 牠們的體型差不多像雌獅及老虎

齒列

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袋獅頭顱骨,可以看到其特化的門牙與裂肉齒

從袋獅的齒列可得知其為一種十分特化的肉食動物。和其他雙門齒目一樣,袋獅自上頜骨下頜骨各長出一對大門牙,其外型已演化成類似於犬齒。袋獅齒列最特殊的特徵在於其巨大、類似利刃的裂肉齒。當上下前臼齒咬合時,其效果就類似於剪刀,可以將肉從屍體上扯下,或是咬碎骨頭。 袋獅的顎肌十分發達,提供強大的咬合力。以體型比例來說,袋獅擁有全哺乳動物中最強的咬合力,一頭 101 公斤的袋獅其咬合力相當於一頭 250 公斤的非洲獅[5]。透過研究X射線電腦斷層掃描所構成的三維模型發現,袋獅殺死獵物的方式與現生的大貓有所不同。袋獅透過其門牙咬開獵物的血肉,並利用其裂肉齒直接咬穿獵物的氣管脊髓血管總頸動脈或是頸靜脈英语Jugular vein)。一般非洲獅需要約 15 分鐘才能使獵物窒息而死,而袋獅只需要僅僅不到 1 分鐘。袋獅特殊的齒列十分適合獵捕大型獵物,但在捕捉小型獵物上幾乎無用,這也可能是牠們滅絕的原因之一[6][7]

化石

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袋獅的化石澳洲多個位點都有發現。於2007年,在納拉伯平原下的山洞中就發現了整副袋獅的骨骼頭顱骨,估計牠是在平原隙縫中摔死的。[8] 另外,亦發現了一頭幼獅在其母獅育幼袋中的化石。

袋獅的骨骼化石。

參考

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  1. ^ Jonathan Amos. Marsupial munch tops big biters. BBC News. 2005-04-05 [2008-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2008-04-08). 
  2. ^ Bijal P. Trivedi. Extinct Australian "Lion" Was Big Biter, Expert Says. National Geographic Channel. 2004-03-05 [2008-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2007-12-27). 
  3. ^ Samuel D. Arman; Gavin J. Prideaux. Behaviour of the Pleistocene marsupial lion deduced from claw marks in a southwestern Australian cave. Scientific Reports. 15 February 2016, 6: 21372 [21 February 2016]. PMC 4753435可免费查阅. PMID 26876952. doi:10.1038/srep21372. (原始内容存档于2019-07-26). 
  4. ^ Wroe, S., Myers, T. J., Wells, R. T., and Gillespie, A. Estimating the weight of the Pleistocene marsupial lion, Thylacoleo carnifex (Thylacoleonidae : Marsupialia): implications for the ecomorphology of a marsupial super-predator and hypotheses of impoverishment of Australian marsupial carnivore faunas. Australian Journal of Zoology. 1999, 47: 489–498. 
  5. ^ Wroe, S; McHenry, C; Thomason, J. Bite club: Comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2005, 272 (1563): 619–625. PMC 1564077可免费查阅. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2986. 
  6. ^ "Extinct Marsupial Lion Tops African Lion In Fight To Death"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Science Daily, 17 January 2008.
  7. ^ "Marsupial lion was fast killer"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), The Australian, 18 January 2008.
  8. ^ Caverns give up huge fossil haul. BBC News. 2007-01-25 [2008-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2007-11-03). 

外部連結

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袋獅
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