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前臼齒

前臼齒
人類的下牙弓,橙色部分為前臼齒
标识字符
拉丁文dentes premolares
MeSHD001641
TA98A05.1.03.006
TA2909
FMAFMA:55637
格雷氏p.1118
解剖學術語

前臼齒(英語:premolar)又稱小臼齒前磨牙雙尖牙(bicuspid),是哺乳动物口腔中位於犬齒大臼齿之間的牙齒,用於切割和研磨食物,兼具前方犬齒與後方大臼齒的功能;其乳齒成年後會被恆齒替換,為二出齒(一生中先後兩次萌出的牙齒)[1];每顆前臼齒上至少有兩個齒錐英语Cusp (anatomy)

數目

原始哺乳动物的前臼齒數目各異[1]有袋類上下兩側各有三顆前臼齒[1]有胎盘类上下颌两侧通常各有四顆[1],但狹鼻小目(包含舊世界猴类人猿,也包括人類)的前兩對前臼齒多已退化,僅剩第三和第四對前臼齒,因此人類的前臼齒簡稱作 Pm3、Pm4[2][3](Pm 為前臼齒英文 premolar 的縮寫,亦可直接縮寫為字母 P,且上頜前臼齒的縮寫使用大寫字母:P3、P4,下頜前臼齒的縮寫使用小寫字母:p3、p4)。換言之,人類共有八顆前臼齒,上下颌各兩對(四顆)[4][5][6],即上頜第一前臼齒英语Maxillary first premolar上頜第二前臼齒英语Maxillary second premolar下頜第一前臼齒英语Mandibular first premolar下頜第二前臼齒英语Mandibular second premolar[4][6],而其他大部分有胎盤類則共有十六顆前臼齒,上下頜各四對(八顆)。

圖冊

人类右下牙弓俯视图
成人颅底內面觀
成人口腔構造
成人左上颌骨外面觀

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 古生物学名词审定委员会 (编). 古生物学名词 (2版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2009 [2021-09-22]. ISBN 978-7-03-025433-7. (原始内容存档于2021-06-04). (简体中文)
  2. ^ Dean, Christopher. "Jaws and teeth". Jones, Steve; Martin, Robert & Pilbeam, David英语David Pilbeam (编). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1994: 56–59. ISBN 978-0-521-32370-3. 平裝本ISBN 0-521-46786-1).
  3. ^ Steele, Gentry & Bramblett, Claud. The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton 需註冊. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press英语Texas A&M University Press. 1988: 82. ISBN 978-0-89096326-5.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Warwick, Roger & Williams, Peter L. (编). Gray's Anatomy (35th ed.). London: Longman. 1973: 1218–1220. 
  5. ^ Weiss, M.L. & Mann, A.E. Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective (4th ed.). Boston: Little Brown英语Little, Brown and Company. 1985: 132–135, 198–199. ISBN 978-0-673-39013-4. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Glanze, W.D.; Anderson, K.N. & Anderson, L.E. (编). Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary英语Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions (3rd ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: The C.V. Mosby Co英语Mosby (imprint). 1990: 957. ISBN 978-0-8016-3227-3. 
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前臼齒
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