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蛇咬傷

来自蝰蛇的咬伤,咬伤后三天的表现

蛇咬傷是因咬而造成的外傷[1]。被咬後常會留下蛇牙造成的兩道穿刺傷英语Penetrating trauma,有時候可能中毒[2]。遭遇蛇吻後,被咬者可能在約一小時內傷口會紅腫以及嚴重疼痛,或是出現嘔吐、兩眼昏花、四肢刺痛或大量出汗等症狀[1][3]。蛇咬常見於手掌或手臂部位[3],被咬者也常有變得驚懼、心跳加速、感覺暈眩的現象[3]毒液會導致患部出血腎衰竭嚴重過敏、組織壞死,或害被咬者出現呼吸困難[2][1]。蛇咬可能導致被咬者需要截肢或出現其他慢性問題[2],嚴重程度取決於蛇的種類、被咬的部位、注入被咬者體內的毒素量以及被咬者自身的健康狀態等[4],對兒童的影響較對成人嚴重得多。[2]

蛇咬對於蛇來說,既是獵食的手段、也是自保的方法[5];對人類而言,容易被蛇咬的高風險行為是在戶外徒手工作,例如農耕、伐林以及建築[2][1]。常見的毒蛇有眼鏡蛇科蝮蛇科海蛇科[6],但絕大部分的蛇類沒有毒,而是用絞纏英语Constriction的方式使獵物窒息而死[3]。除了南極洲外,各大洲都可見毒蛇的蹤跡[5];被蛇咬傷常常無從判斷蛇的種類[6]世界衛生組織將蛇咬歸類為被忽視熱帶病(Neglected tropical diseases, NTD)。[7]

可預防蛇咬的行為包含穿戴有保護效果的鞋子、避免行經蛇居之處以及不用手觸摸蛇 。治療蛇咬的方式需以蛇的種類為準[1],建議先以肥皂清洗傷口並將肢體維持原姿勢[1][6]。不推薦自行吸出毒液、用刀切開被咬者傷口或使用止血帶等方法[1]。使用抗蛇毒血清有助於防止被咬者喪命[8][2],但有些血清有強烈副作用。使用的血清同樣也須以蛇的種類為準,若尚未釐清蛇的種類,通常會依該地區常見的蛇種類來施打[6]。有些地區難以取得符合蛇的種類之血清,這是讓血清治療無效的原因之一;另一個問題則是施打血清這種療法並不便宜[2]。血清本身對被咬部位沒什麼幫助;有時需要給患者呼吸輔助[6]

蛇咬傷每年高達500萬例[2],其中約250萬人會中毒,並有2-12.5萬人因此喪命[5][2]。世界各地蛇咬的發生率差異非常大[5] ,主要發生在非洲亞洲拉丁美洲[2],其中鄉野地區發生頻率高於都市地區[2]。在美國,一年約有7000~8000人慘遭毒蛇之吻[1],在澳洲歐洲北美洲,死亡病例相對稀少。[5][9][8]

參考文獻

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Venomous Snakes. February 24, 2012 [19 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-29). 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Animal bites Fact sheet N°373. World Health Organization. February 2015 [19 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-04). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Gold, Barry S.; Richard C. Dart; Robert A. Barish. Bites of venomous snakes. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1 April 2002, 347 (5): 347–56. PMID 12151473. doi:10.1056/NEJMra013477. 
  4. ^ Marx, John A. Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice 7. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. 2010: 746 [2017-08-26]. ISBN 9780323054720. (原始内容存档于2015-05-21). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Kasturiratne, A; Wickremasinghe, AR; de Silva, N; Gunawardena, NK; Pathmeswaran, A; Premaratna, R; Savioli, L; Lalloo, DG; de Silva, HJ. The global burden of snakebite: a literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths.. PLoS medicine. 4 November 2008, 5 (11): e218. PMC 2577696可免费查阅. PMID 18986210. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050218. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 World Health Organization. Neglected tropical diseases Snakebite. [19 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-30). 
  7. ^ WHO. The 17 neglected tropical diseases. WHO. WHO. [24 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-02-22). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Gutiérrez, José María; Bruno Lomonte; Guillermo León; Alexandra Rucavado; Fernando Chaves; Yamileth Angulo. Trends in Snakebite Envenomation Therapy: Scientific, Technological and Public Health Considerations. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2007, 13 (28): 2935–50. PMID 17979738. doi:10.2174/138161207782023784. 
  9. ^ Chippaux, J.P. Snake-bites: appraisal of the global situation. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1998, 76 (5): 515–24. PMC 2305789可免费查阅. PMID 9868843. 
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蛇咬傷
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