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艾通傣语

艾通傣语
(တႝ)ဢႝတွꩫ်
母语国家和地区印度
区域阿萨姆邦
族群艾通族
母语使用人数
1500 (2006)[1]
語系
文字缅甸文
(Aiton variation,
called Lik-Tai)[2]:16
官方地位
作为官方语言India
管理机构Language Academy
語言代碼
ISO 639-3aio
Glottologaito1238[3]
ELPAiton

艾通傣语印度阿萨姆邦一种台语,分布在Dhonsiri河谷和布拉马普特拉江南岸。全球范围内使用者已不到2千人。其他名称有Antonia和Sham Doaniya。[4]

系属分类

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艾通傣语属于西南部台语支。同一分支下其他3种语言是:坎底语帕克傣语坎佯语[5]:139-202

历史

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阿萨姆邦台语有很多语法共性、有同一套书写系统、词汇也大体一致。[6]:5-43语言间最显著的区别在于声调系统。[5]

据艾通傣族的口头和书面记录,他们来自一个叫Khao-Khao Mao-Lung的靠近国境的缅甸国家。[7]一般认为他们在两三个世纪前为躲避压迫迁来印度。[7] 不管他们在阿萨姆邦定居了多长时间,很多老一代人都说不流利阿萨姆语。[8]

音系

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声母

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声母据Morey(2008):[9]

唇音 齿龈音 硬颚音 软腭音 声门音
塞音 不送气 p b t d c k ʔ
送气
鼻音 m n ɲ ŋ
擦音 ɸ β ʃ ʒ x h
边音 l
颤音 r

艾通傣语和其他一些台语彝语,有发声态的3向对立。[8]据Morey,“[m][n]分别是/b//d/的自由变体。”[8]艾通傣语没有清响音。[8]

韵尾

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唇音 齿龈音 硬腭音 软腭音 声门音
塞音 不送气 p t k ʔ
送气
鼻音 m n ŋ
半元音 j w

-[w] 在前元音和[a]-后出现,-[j]在后元音和[a]-后出现。[2]

声调

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今日的艾通傣语有3个声调,古代有5个,其中两个与别的声调合流了。第1调是高平调,第2调是高平降调,第3调是中降调。原来的第4调是中升调,并入第1调;原来的第5调是中降嘎裂调,与第3调合流。[9][8]

元音

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艾通傣语只有7个元音:/i, ɯ, u, ɛ, ɔ, a, aa/是阿萨姆邦所有台语中元音最少的。[8]艾通傣语只允许9种元音组合。[8]

语法

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代词[10]:23

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/kaw1/
/maɯ1/
/mɯn1/ 他/她/它
/haw1/ 我们
/su3/ 你们
/kʰaw3/ 他们

指示词

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注意:/-an2/是用于附词后的形式,功能上相当于定冠词,可以加到代词甚至动词上。[10]

指示词
/nay2/
/nan2/, /han2/
/-an2/

量词

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最常见的量词是用于人的kɔ1,用于动物的tu1/to1和用于无生命物体的ʔan。[10]

书写系统

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艾通傣语和坎底族、帕克傣族共享一套独特的书写系统,称作“Lik-Tai”。[2]它和缅甸北部掸文很像,它是一种缅文变体,有些字母用了不同的形状。[11]


辅音

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  • က - ka - k - [k]
  • ၵ - kha - kh - [kʰ]
  • င - nga - ng - [ŋ]
  • ꩡ - ca - c - [t͡ʃ]
  • ꩬ - sa - s - [s]
  • ၺ - nya - ny - [ɲ][12]
  • တ - ta - t - [t]
  • ထ - tha - th - [tʰ]
  • ꩫ - na - n - [n]
  • ပ - pa - p - [p]
  • ၸ - pha/fa - ph/f - [pʰ/ɸ]
  • မ - ma - m - [m]
  • ယ - ya/ja - y/j - [j/ɟ]
    • ျ - in medial form
  • ꩺ - ra - r - [r]
    • ြ - in medial form
  • လ - la - l - [l]
  • ဝ - wa - w - [w]
  • ꩭ - ha - h - [h]
  • ဢ - a - a - [ʔ]
  • ဒ - da - d - [d]
  • ဗ - ba/wa - b/w - [b/w][13]

元音

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  • ႜ - a - [a]
  • ႃ - aa - [aː]
  • ိ - i - [i]
  • ီ - ī - [iː]
  • ု - u - [u]
  • ူ - ū - [uː]
  • ေ - e/ae - [eː/ɛ]
  • ႝ - ai - [ai]
  • ေႃ - o/aw - [oː/ɔː]
  • ံ - ṁ - [ŋ̊]
  • ိ်ုွ - ue - [ɯ]
  • ်ၞ - aeu - [ɛu]
  • ်ွ - aau - [aːu]
  • ွဝ် - au - [au]
  • ွ - aw - [ɒ]
  • ွႝ - oi - [oi]
  • ွံ - om - [ɔm]
  • ိ်ွ - iu - [ɛu/iu]
  • ုံ - um - [um]
  • ်ံ - em - [em]
  • ် - 末辅音,使原有元音清化[13]

其他符号

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  • ꩷ - 叹号
  • ꩸ - 1
  • ꩹ - 2

参考

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  1. ^ 艾通傣语于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Diller, Anthony. Tai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts. 1992. 
  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Aiton. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  4. ^ Did you know Aiton is threatened?. Endangered Languages. [2017-05-03]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-18) (英语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Morey, Stephen. "Tonal change in the Tai languages of Northeast India." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 28.2 (2005).
  6. ^ Diller, A. (1992). Tai languages in Assam: daughters or ghosts? In C.J. Compton and J.F. Hartmann (Ed.), Papers on Tai languages, Linguistics, and Literatures. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Burgohain, Joya. "The Aitons: Some aspects of their life and culture." (2013).
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Morey, S. (2008). North East Indian Linguistics. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press India.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Morey, Stephen. The Thai languages of Assam. 2008 [2021-06-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-03). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Diller, Anthony. Thai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts?. 1992. 
  11. ^ Inglis, Douglas. Myanmar-based Khamti Shan Orthography. 2017 [2021-06-14]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-18). 
  12. ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2021-06-14]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-01-20). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Aiton language, alphabet, and pronunciation. Omniglot. [8 February 2021]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-18). 
  • Buragohain, Yehom. 1998. "Some notes on the Tai Phakes of Assam, in Shalardchai Ramitanondh Virada Somswasdi and Ranoo Wichasin." In Tai, pp. 126–143. Chiang Mai, Thailand: 清迈大学.
  • Morey, Stephen. 2005. The Tai languages of Assam: a grammar and texts. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

外部链接

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艾通傣语
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