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组织蛋白酶

组织蛋白酶
组织蛋白酶K的结构
鑑定
標誌CTP
PfamPF00112旧版
Pfam宗系CL0125旧版
InterPro英语InterProIPR000668
SMART英语Simple Modular Architecture Research ToolPept_C1
PROSITE英语PROSITEPDOC00126
MEROPSC1
SCOP英语Structural Classification of Proteins1aec / SUPFAM

组织蛋白酶(英语:Cathepsin,缩写CTS)是存在于所有动物以及其他生物体中的蛋白酶(降解蛋白质)。这个家族大约有十几个成员,它们的特点是它们的结构、催化机制以及切割的蛋白质。大多数成员可以在溶酶体中发现并在低pH值下被激活。因此,这个家族的活动几乎完全在细胞器中。然而也有例外,例如组织蛋白酶K,它在破骨细胞分泌后在骨吸收过程中在细胞外起作用。组织蛋白酶在哺乳动物细胞更新中起着至关重要的作用。

分类

临床意义

组织蛋白酶参与了许多生理过程,与许多人类疾病有关。半胱氨酸蛋白酶作为药物靶点已吸引了大量研究工作。[1][2]

组织蛋白酶A

这种蛋白质的缺乏与多种形式的神经氨酸酶中毒有关。恶性黑色素瘤转移病灶裂解物中的组织蛋白酶A活性显着高于主要焦点裂解物中的组织蛋白酶A活性。组织蛋白酶A在被肌肉萎缩症和去神经疾病影响的肌肉中增加。

组织蛋白酶B

组织蛋白酶B可作为β分泌酶1发挥作用,切割前类淀粉蛋白质以产生β淀粉样蛋白[10]作为肽酶C1家族成员的编码蛋白的过表达,它与食管癌和其他肿瘤有关。[11]组织蛋白酶B还与包括卵巢癌在内的各种人类肿瘤的进展有关。

组织蛋白酶D

组织蛋白酶D(一种天冬氨酰蛋白酶)似乎可以切割多种底物,如纤连蛋白层粘连蛋白。与其他一些组织蛋白酶不同,组织蛋白酶D在中性pH值下具有一些蛋白酶活性。[12]肿瘤细胞中这种酶的高水平似乎与更大的侵袭性有关。

组织蛋白酶K

组织蛋白酶K是最有效的哺乳动物胶原酶。组织蛋白酶K与骨质疏松症有关,骨质疏松症是一种骨密度降低导致骨折风险增加的疾病。破骨细胞是身体的骨吸收细胞,他们分泌组织蛋白酶K来分解胶原蛋白,它是骨头的非矿物质蛋白基质的主要成分。[13]除其他组织蛋白酶外,组织蛋白酶K通过细胞外基质的降解在癌症转移中发挥作用。[14]在患有动脉粥样硬化的老鼠中,组织蛋白酶S和K的基因敲除被证明可以减少动脉粥样硬化病变的大小。[15]组织蛋白酶K在培养的内皮细胞中的展现受剪切应力的调节。[16]组织蛋白酶K也被证明在关节炎中起作用。[17]

组织蛋白酶V

老鼠的组织蛋白酶L与人类的组织蛋白酶V同源。[18]老鼠的组织蛋白酶L已被证明在老鼠的脂肪生成和葡萄糖耐受不良中发挥作用。组织蛋白酶L降解纤连蛋白、胰岛素受体(IR)和胰岛素样生长因子1受体(IGF-1R)。组织蛋白酶L缺陷的老鼠的脂肪组织较少,越低的血清葡萄糖和胰岛素水平,越高的胰岛素受体亚单位,葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUT4)和比野生型更多的纤连蛋白。[19]

抑制剂

五种环肽对人的组织蛋白酶L、B、H和K具有抑制活性。[20]几种抑制剂已经进入临床试验,以组织蛋白酶K和S为目标,有望成为治疗骨质疏松症、骨关节炎慢性疼痛的药物。由于不良副作用,组织蛋白酶K抑制剂Relacatib、Balicatib和Odanacatib分别在I、II和III期的临床试验期间终止。[21]SAR114137是一种组织蛋白酶S抑制剂,在慢性疼痛的I期之后没有进展。2022年,组织蛋白酶L抑制剂STI-1558获得美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准,开始治疗2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)的I期研究。[22]

组织蛋白酶酶谱法

酶谱法是一种凝胶电泳,它使用与底物聚合聚丙烯酰胺凝胶来检测酶活性。组织蛋白酶酶谱法基于通过与明胶底物聚合的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的迁移来分离不同的组织蛋白酶。电泳在非还原条件下进行,使用亮肽素保护酶免于变性[23]确定蛋白质浓度后,将等量的组织蛋白质加入到凝胶中。然后让蛋白质迁移通过凝胶。电泳后,将凝胶放入复性缓冲液中,以使组织蛋白酶恢复其天然构象。然后将凝胶放入特定pH值的活化缓冲液中,并在37°C下孵育并放置一夜。该活化步骤允许组织蛋白酶降解明胶底物。当凝胶使用考马斯亮蓝染色剂染色时,仍含有明胶的凝胶区域呈现蓝色。组织蛋白酶活跃的凝胶区域显示为白色条带。该组织蛋白酶酶谱法已用于检测飞摩尔量的成熟组织蛋白酶K。可以根据它们的迁移距离基于它们的分子量来识别不同的组织蛋白酶:组织蛋白酶K(~37kDa)、V(~35kDa)、S(~25kDa)和 L(~20kDa)。组织蛋白酶具有特定的pH水平,在该水平下它们具有最佳蛋白水解活性。组织蛋白酶K能够在pH值为7和8下降解明胶,但这些pH值不能让组织蛋白酶L和V有很高的活性。相反,在pH值为4时,组织蛋白酶V具有活性,但组织蛋白酶K没有。调整活化缓冲液的pH值可以进一步识别组织蛋白酶类型。[24]

名称来源

组织蛋白酶名称来源于古希腊语,由kata-(倒下)和hepsein(煮沸)合并称为Cathepsin。

参考文献

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  5. ^ Xu, Jianguo; Wang, Handong; Ding, Ke; Lu, Xinyu; Li, Tao; Wang, Jiawei; Wang, Chunxi; Wang, Jian. Inhibition of Cathepsin S Produces Neuroprotective Effects after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Mediators of Inflammation. 2013, 2013 [2022-09-10]. ISSN 0962-9351. PMC 3824312可免费查阅. PMID 24282339. doi:10.1155/2013/187873. (原始内容存档于2022-09-10). 
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  24. ^ Wilder, Catera L.; Park, Keon-Young; Keegan, Philip M.; Platt, Manu O. Manipulating substrate and pH in zymogr aphy protocols selectively distinguishes cathepsins K, L, S, and V activity in cells and tissues. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics. 2011-12-01, 516 (1) [2022-09-10]. ISSN 0003-9861. PMC 3221864可免费查阅. PMID 21982919. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2011.09.009. (原始内容存档于2022-09-10). 

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组织蛋白酶
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