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礫岩

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胶结物中主要为氧化铁的砾岩

砾岩(英語:conglomerate)是一种沉积岩,由从母岩上破碎下来的,颗粒直径大于2毫米的碎屑,经过搬运、沉积、压实、胶结而形成的岩石,砾石的平均直径如果在2-4毫米,为细砾,4-50毫米称为中砾,50-200毫米为粗砾,大于200毫米为巨砾。砾岩是一种碎屑岩。其胶结物中常含有矿物,砾岩可以做为建筑材料。

砾岩比较粗糙,可以见到明显的砾石,如果胶结成岩石的砾石具有棱角,则称为角砾岩

底砾岩位于海侵层序的底部,与下伏岩层或呈假整合接触,代表了一定地质时期的沉积间断;底砾岩常由石英岩质砾岩形成。

形成

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地形陡峭、气候干燥的山区,活动的断层崖、后退岩岸容易形成砾岩。巨厚的砾岩层往往形成于大规模造山运动后,是强烈地壳抬升的证据。愈靠近盆地边界,沉积物的粒度愈大,陆源碎屑总量也愈高。此外,古砾石层常是重要的储水层,砾岩的填隙物中常含等贵重矿产。

类型

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  • 正石英岩质砾岩:由稳定性岩和少量燧石、脉石英等碎屑组成,呈颗粒支撑,填隙物较少,常被硅质胶结。砾石分选性好,圆度高,砾石粒度偏小,砾岩层较薄。
  • 岩屑砾岩:砾石粒度较大,砾岩层厚度较大,砾石分选、圆度较差,反映出碎屑搬运不远,常在盆地边缘、邻近沉积区快速堆积。岩屑砾岩多数是大陆成因的。
  • 纹层状砾质泥岩:含有分散的砾级碎屑,其中杂基具有纹层,纹层在较大的砾石处上凸、下凹;岩石常与冰碛岩共生。若分散的砾级碎屑嵌入无纹层的杂基中,称为块状砾质泥岩,是水下重力流沉积。若岩块具磨光面、擦痕,为冰川成因。

外部链接

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礫岩
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