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硬山顶

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硬山顶,摄于北京故宫奉先殿院落
汉语名称
繁体字 硬山頂
简化字 硬山顶
日语名称
汉字 切妻屋根

硬山顶,即硬山式屋顶日語切妻屋根,是東亞传统屋顶的一种,它的等级较低,造型简单朴素,广泛运用在中国南北的住宅建筑中。

结构

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硬山式屋顶的造型较为简单朴素,具有一条正脊和四条垂脊,只有前后两面坡,也称“五脊二坡”式。与同为五脊二坡式的悬山顶相比,硬山顶最大的特点就是其两侧山墙檩头全部包封住,屋檐不出山墙,山面裸露没有变化,故名硬山。[1]

由于硬山式屋顶的等级较低,屋面多用青瓦,且仅能使用板瓦,不能使用筒瓦琉璃瓦[1]

等级

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硬山顶的沈阳故宫崇政殿

硬山式屋顶的等级较低,低于庑殿顶歇山顶悬山顶。根据清朝规定,六品以下官吏及平民住宅的正堂只能用悬山顶或硬山顶。在皇家建筑和大型寺庙建筑中较少见,多用于两庑殿房。[1]

历史

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硬山頂可用于添置風火牆,因此在南方也非常流行

硬山顶出现较晚,在宋朝的《营造法式》中未见记载。可能随着时期广泛使用砖石构建房屋,硬山顶才得以大量采用。和悬山顶相比,硬山顶有利于防风火,而悬山顶有利于防雨,因此北方和南方沿海民居多硬山,南方内陆的土木结构建筑则多用悬山。清代随着硬山顶技术的成熟,山墙的造型开始多样化,稱為封火牆,南方各地都出现了带有明显地方特征的山墙,譬如吴中的观音兜、湖南的猫弓背、粤中的镬耳墙、潮汕的五行山墙等等。

其他地区

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琉球王國玉陵的石室多采用硬山頂。

参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 王, 其钧. 中国建筑图解词典. 机械工业出版社. : 1. 

参见

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硬山顶
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