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砷中毒

砷中毒
Arsenic poisoning
同义词Arsenic toxicity, arsenic overdose
地下水中砷含量高的地區
症状急性:嘔吐腹痛、水狀腹瀉[1]
慢性:皮膚增厚、皮膚顏色變深、癌症[1]
类型中毒
病因[1]
診斷方法驗尿、驗血及檢驗頭髮[1]
預防避免使用高砷含量的水[1]
治療二巯基丁二酸, 2,3-二巯基丙磺酸[2]
患病率超過二億人[3]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科毒理學
ICD-10T57.0
eMedicine812953
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

砷中毒是一種肇因於體內含量提升的醫學病徵[4],指動物體內重要的代謝酵素,在砷的影響下受別構調節作用而導致。一般也視為是重金屬中毒。若於短時間產生砷中毒現象,其症狀可能包含:頭痛暈眩嘔吐腹痛腦病變英语Encephalopathy以及帶血液的水狀腹瀉[1]。長期接觸會導致皮膚增厚、角化症黑色素沉澱英语Hyperpigmentation、腹痛、腹瀉、心血管疾病周邊神經病變癌症[1]

長期接觸到砷的原因中,最常見於受污染的飲用水[3]地下水最常遭到污染的原因是來自大自然,採礦業和農耕也可能會污染地下水[1],土壤和空氣中也可能含有砷[5]。建議水中的砷含量需小於為10-50µg/L(10-50 ppb[1]。其他的接觸方式為有害廢棄物英语toxic waste sites傳統醫藥[1][3]。多數的中毒病例為意外接觸所導致[1]。砷的作用會影響約200 種[1],確診方式為驗尿、驗血及檢驗頭髮[1]

預防方式是避免使用高砷含量的水[1],可透過專用過濾器來過濾使用水,或使用雨水[1],關於長期砷中毒的治療,尚未有足夠證據能證實療效[1]。針對急性砷中毒的處置方式,脱水的治療至關重要[4]二巰基丁二酸(DMSA)或2,3-二巰基丙磺酸(DMSP)可用來進行治療;但不建議使用二巰基丙醇(BAL)[2]。砷中毒有可能要進行血液透析[4]

全球超過兩億人因飲用水的污染,暴露在高於安全值的砷環境中[3],而孟加拉国和印度的西孟加拉邦則是危害最嚴重之區域[3]。在貧窮與弱勢群體中,暴露於高砷環境的狀況更為嚴重[6];急性的砷中毒反而不常見[3]

历史

關於砷毒性的醫學記載,可追溯至西元前16世紀埃伯斯氏古醫籍英语Ebers papyrus[7]。在中国古典文学里面,砒霜(三氧化二砷)常常出现,如小说《水浒传》里潘金莲毒杀武大郎的毒药就是砒霜。此外法兰西第一帝国皇帝拿破仑·波拿巴被怀疑死于砷中毒,因为在流放地圣赫勒拿群岛居所墙壁的涂料上就有挥发性砷化合物

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Ratnaike, R N. Acute and chronic arsenic toxicity. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2003-07-01, 79 (933): 391–396. ISSN 0032-5473. PMC 1742758可免费查阅. PMID 12897217. doi:10.1136/pmj.79.933.391 (英语). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Andersen, Ole; Aaseth, Jan. A review of pitfalls and progress in chelation treatment of metal poisonings. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2016-12, 38: 74–80 [2020-11-01]. PMID 27150911. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.03.013. hdl:11250/2430866. (原始内容存档于2019-05-05) (英语). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Naujokas, Marisa F.; Anderson, Beth; Ahsan, Habibul; Aposhian, H. Vasken; Graziano, Joseph H.; Thompson, Claudia; Suk, William A. The Broad Scope of Health Effects from Chronic Arsenic Exposure: Update on a Worldwide Public Health Problem. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2013-03, 121 (3): 295–302 [2020-11-01]. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 3621177可免费查阅. PMID 23458756. doi:10.1289/ehp.1205875. (原始内容存档于2021-03-22) (英语). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Vahidnia, A.; van der Voet, G.B.; de Wolff, F.A. Arsenic neurotoxicity — A review. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2007-10, 26 (10): 823–832 [2020-11-01]. ISSN 0960-3271. PMID 18025055. doi:10.1177/0960327107084539. (原始内容存档于2021-04-11) (英语). 
  5. ^ Hughes, Michael F.; Beck, Barbara D.; Chen, Yu; Lewis, Ari S.; Thomas, David J. Arsenic Exposure and Toxicology: A Historical Perspective. Toxicological Sciences. 2011-10, 123 (2): 305–332 [2020-11-01]. ISSN 1096-6080. PMC 3179678可免费查阅. PMID 21750349. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfr184. (原始内容存档于2022-01-12) (英语). 
  6. ^ Joca, Lauren; Sacks, Jason D.; Moore, Danielle; Lee, Janice S.; Sams, Reeder; Cowden, John. Systematic review of differential inorganic arsenic exposure in minority, low-income, and indigenous populations in the United States. Environment International. 2016-07, 92–93: 707–715 [2020-11-01]. PMID 26896853. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.011. (原始内容存档于2020-08-18) (英语). 
  7. ^ Howie, Frank. Care and Conservation of Geological Material. Routledge. 2013-11-05: 135 [2019-02-18]. ISBN 978-1-135-38521-7. (原始内容存档于2019-06-12) (英语). 

外部連結

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砷中毒
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