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無常(巴利語:अनिच्चा,anicca,梵語:अनित्य,anitya,藏語:མི་རྟག་པ་,威利转写:mi rtag pa,THL:mitagpa),佛教術語,是常的反義字,字面意義為變異,指為一切世間萬物終將變異,無常存者[1]。是一切有為法的共相,為三相之一,即空性。無常道出一切皆不真實和不持久。
佛教從因緣法的角度,說明諸有為法是因緣生,由於因緣會變異而終將滅壞,一切事物皆有生、住、滅的過程,因此具備無常這個共相[2]。《阿含經》中記載,意以法為緣,而生意識。[3]意識必須藉緣而生,有生之法終必壞滅,是無常之法。
《雜阿含經》中的〈聖法印經〉,將觀察無常分為無常、有為,行,從緣起,是患法,滅法,離欲法,斷知法八者[4],《瑜伽師地論》稱為無常八相[5]。
在部派佛教時期,對於無常產生了一種解說,強調必須透過剎那生滅中知無常,對此稱之為“剎那無常”;或從其相續不斷,稱之為“相續無常”。
- ^ 《長阿含經·遊行經》:「一切萬物,無常存者,此是如來末後所說。……爾時,釋提桓因復作頌曰:『陰行無有常,但為興衰法,生者無不死,佛滅之為樂。』」
- ^ 玄奘譯《阿毘達磨俱舍論》卷23:「一切有為皆非常性,一切有漏皆是苦性,及一切法空非我性,名為共相。」
- ^ 《雜阿含經》卷9:「諸所有意識,彼一切皆意法因緣生」。《雜阿含經》卷9及卷11亦有類似說法。
- ^ 《雜阿含經》卷3〈80經〉:「無常者,是有為,行,從緣起,是患法,滅法,離欲法,斷知法。」
- ^ 《瑜伽師地論》:「又由八相,能遍了知,遍了知故,除諸過患,當知是名,極善清淨,離增上慢,無我真智。
- 又於此中,已滅壞故,滅壞法故,說名無常。
- 諸業煩惱所集成故,說名有為。
- 由昔願力所集成故,名思所造。
- 從自種子現在外緣所集成故,說名緣生。
- 於未來世衰老法故,說名盡法。
- 死歿法故,說名歿法。
- 未老死來為疾病等種種災橫所逼惱故,名破壞法。
- 由依現量,能離欲故,能斷滅故,名於現法,得離欲法及以滅法。
當知此中,除離欲法及以滅法,由所餘相,略觀三世所有過患,由所除相,觀彼出離。若由如是,過患出離,遍知彼識,名善遍知:『一切法中無有我性』,名諸法印。即此法印,隨論道理,法王所造,於諸聖身,不為惱害,隨喜能得一切聖財,由此自然吉安,超度生死廣大險難長道,是故亦名眾聖法印。」
- 佛說無常經. 印順文教基金會. [2019-10-12]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-09).
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