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澄母

澄母ɖ)是中古漢語的一個聲母,屬舌音知組,即舌上音,全濁聲母。該聲母在韻圖中列在二、三等,與列在一、四等的定母互補。

其例字如下:

一等 二等 三等 四等
橙dreng、櫂drauh、宅drak 馳drie,篆dryenx,滯dried,軸driuk

擬音

部分學者認爲澄母是定母的顎化,將其擬爲舌面前塞音[ȡ]。另一些學者認爲澄母是定母的卷舌音,將其擬爲[ɖ]。不過,這個聲母在送氣不送氣方面,並沒有對立音位。

各學者擬音
聲母 古韻羅馬字 高本漢 李方桂 陸志韋 王力 周法高 李榮 邵榮芬 蒲立本 董同龢 鄭張尚芳 潘悟雲 《廣韻》字數
dr ȡʱ ɖ ȡ ȡʱ ɖ ȡ ȡ ɖ ȡʱ ɖ ɖ 482

註:過往學界曾用逆撇號「ʻ」代表送氣音,後來國際語音學學會已規範以「ʱ」作爲濁音送氣符號,上表亦依規範統一。

現代方言、語言中的讀音

南京音系中,平聲澄母遇二等梗攝時,其拼音爲平舌的塞擦音c [tsʰ],其他平聲澄母為卷舌的塞擦音ch [tʂʰ];仄聲澄母遇二等梗攝時,其拼音爲平舌的塞擦音z [ts];其他仄聲澄母為卷舌的塞擦音zh [tʂ]。這是南京型平翹現象之一。

北京音系中,澄母爲卷舌的塞擦音,平聲爲ch [tʂʰ],仄聲爲zh [tʂ],只有“擇”、“澤”(均爲drak)等二等梗攝字的文讀音聲母受南京官話的影響爲平舌音z [ts],但“擇”保留了一個白讀音zhai(如“擇菜”)。

朝鮮語中,澄母二等同定母一等聲母同保持爲塞音並清化,多爲ㄷ [t],如“茶”(dra,다),也有少數送氣成ㅌ [tʰ],如“濁”(druk,탁)。澄母三等塞擦化成爲ㅈ /ts/,如“直”(drik,직),少數送氣成ㅊ /tsʰ/,如“蟲”(driung,충)。

日語中,澄母同定母,吳音爲だ行,漢音爲た行。

越南語中,澄母爲tr(依不同方言,卷舌音/tʂ/或者平舌音/ts/)。

中古早期漢語(切韻音)聲母
全清 次清 全濁 次濁 全清 全濁
唇音
舌音
齿音
牙音
喉音
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澄母
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