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满都海哈屯

满都海哈屯的纪念碑

滿都海哈屯蒙古语ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠬᠠᠢ
ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ
中蒙通用转写Manduxai xatun西里尔字母Мандухай хатан,1448年—1510年),又稱賢者滿都海蒙古语ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠬᠠᠢ
ᠰᠡᠴᠡᠨ
ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ
鲍培转写Manduqai Sečen qatun西里尔字母Мандухай сэцэн хатан)、滿都海皇后哈屯即皇后的意思,綽羅斯氏,為满都鲁的妻子,後又嫁給达延汗。她是蒙古汗國復興的核心人物,蒙古会盟制度(楚固拉干)的建立者。

生平

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滿都海的父親名為綽羅斯拜特穆爾(Chorosbai-Temur),是土默特恩库特部(汪古部)领主,曾任也先的丞相。她出生的地點有兩個說法,一是生於新疆东部哈密附近,另一個說法則是生於呼和浩特附近的土默川平原

她的父親將她嫁給蒙古大汗满都鲁,成為他的第二位妻子。生下博罗克沁、伊锡克二公主。1479年,满都鲁死后,她拒绝科尔沁部领主乌讷博罗特的求婚。33歲的满都海拥立满都鲁侄孙巴彦蒙克之子巴图蒙克为大汗,就是达延汗。自己也改嫁给了7歲的侄曾孙达延汗。

达延汗年幼时,满都海被授予“彻辰”称号,摄政。杀死觊觎汗位的太师亦思马勒,使汗庭重新团结。废除了自元帝國沿袭的太师太尉太傅太保少师平章知院等官职。恢复成吉思汗时代的济农诺颜。她主持军政,与明朝互市,两次出兵击败瓦剌。《蒙古源流》中這樣記載「聰睿之滿都海徹辰夫人,髻其垂髫之髮,以皮橐載國主達延汗,自為前部先鋒,攻伐四衛拉特,戰於塔斯博爾圖之地,大加擄獲焉」。1487年,16岁的达延汗开始亲政,满都海哈屯为达延汗养育了七个儿子:图鲁博罗特(《俺答汗传》《黄金史纲》等记载其无嗣)、乌鲁斯博罗特察哈尔部的始祖)、巴尔斯博罗特济农部土默特部的始祖)、阿尔苏博罗特多伦土默特部的始祖)、阿尔楚博罗特巴林部扎鲁特的始祖)、斡齐尔博罗特克什克腾部的始祖)、格哷博罗特。

参考资料

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满都海哈屯
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