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波的传播

波的传播是指行进的任何方式。

通过比较振动方向与行进方向的关系,我们可以区分纵波横波

电磁波引力波(又称“重力波”)可以在真空中传播,也可以在材料介质中传播,但其他大部分类型的波都不能在真空中传播,需要在传输介质中才能存在。

另一个解释波的传播的实用参数是波速,多由介质的某种密度决定。

波速

二维建模的地震波传播,利用时域有限差分(FDTD)法检测地雷

波速是一个总体概念,分为若干类型,如波的相位速度以及能量和信息的传播速率相速度由以下公式给出:

其中:

  • vp是相速度(米每秒,m/s);
  • ω角频率弧度每秒,rad/s);
  • k波数(弧度每米,rad/m)

在某一相速率下,相位固定的一个点将以离散频率行进。角频率ω不能独立於波数k来确定,而是二者通过色散关系相互联系:

Ω(k) = ck这一特殊情况下,且c是常数,这样的波被称为非色散波,因为所有的频率以相同的相速率c行进。真空中实际的电磁波都是非色散波。在色散关系满足其他形式的情况下,波也是色散波。色散关系取决於波传播通过的介质和波的类型(例如电磁波声波或海洋表面波)。对於声波来说,介质的密度越大,波行进的速度就越快,因为粒子的距离更近,这样能量的传输率就更高。

能使小范围频率合成的波包行进的速度称为群速度,由色散关系的梯度决定:

在几乎大多数情况下,波主要是能量通过介质的运动,而群速度更常用於描述能量移动穿过介质的速度。

参见

参考文献

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波的传播
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