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沙槌

沙槌
在印尼一個市場內擺放着一堆富色彩的沙槌
分類敲擊樂器
H-S分類體鳴樂器
(112.13)
相關樂器
椰鈴鐵沙鈴
一般用的沙槌

沙槌(圖皮語:maraca),亦稱為沙錘砂槌沙鈴沙球,是一種敲擊樂器,屬於體鳴樂器,沿自南美洲哥倫比亞。大概已有超過1500年的歷史。除哥倫比亞外,在不少的南美國家都可以找到相近的古代沙槌證據。包括有牙買加委內瑞拉古巴特立尼達島等。[1]

擊木一樣,沙槌較常以一對演奏,但單使用一隻亦可以。

構造

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古代的沙槌是把一些果實-通常為葫蘆或瓢瓜,採摘後曬乾,讓內裏的水份蒸發及果肉收縮乾化後,剩下果實的種子留在瓜囊內。經過搖晃後種子和果壂互相撞擊,產生幼細但密集的聲響。再加上手把,便成了現今沙槌的雛形。

現時所製造的沙槌,仍有相當部份是使用果實曬乾而成,但所用的果實則多樣化,例如椰子、金瓜等,只要是呈橢圓體而果壁在曬乾後不會容易弄破的就可以了。除了果實外,現時亦有以塑膠或金屬為外殼的。前者可以大大減低成本,後者則可避免易損壞的問題。至於樂器內的發聲體,現時已改由其他材料來代替果實種子,如膠粒、金屬砂、豆類等等,這樣可以確保樂器能演繹不同音量的效果。

沙槌和椰鈴鐵沙鈴的前身)有很多相似的地方,唯一的分別是椰鈴外圍會多加一層網狀的發聲物,而裏面的果實則可有可無。形成了沙槌的撞擊的聲音在內,而椰鈴則以外為主的差別。

演奏方法

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手只持樂器的手柄部份,盡量不要觸及發聲體。主體朝上向外,約成30-45度。演奏時,靠手腕推向外的扭動來搖動樂器,樂器裏面的發聲物撞擊而發出聲音。

部份有運用沙槌的樂曲

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注釋

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  1. ^ Mendes, J. (1986). Cote ce Cote la: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary. Arima:Trinidad, p. 135.
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沙槌
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