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水生動物

长鳍乔氏杜父鱼
抹香鯨

水生動物是指在中度过一生或一生大部分时间在水中度过的脊椎動物無脊椎動物,与陆生动物两栖动物相对应[1][2]。如蜉蝣蜻蜓石蛾等均有水生幼体及有翅膀的成虫。水生动物可能具有直接呼吸空气的能力或能通过叫做的特殊器官提取溶解在水中的氧气,或者直接通过皮肤呼吸。这样的自然环境以及其中生存的动物可被归类为水栖(在有水环境中)或生态区(陆地环境)。

於自然環境裡生活的動物可大致分為兩類,分別是於陸地上生活及於海中生活。一些两栖类动物有一个水生幼虫阶段(如蝌蚪),但随后以陆生成体生活,并可能返回水中交配。水生動物在世界各地也處於一個較為脆弱的狀態,所以於各地政府通常有有關法例保護。

描述

水生一词可指生活在淡水或在咸水中的动物。但是,海洋生这一形容词大多常用于形容在咸水(如海洋)中生存的动物。

水生动物(尤其淡水水生动物)通常是被特别关注的保育动物,这是因为它们的生活环境十分脆弱。水生动物遭受着过度捕鱼破坏性捕鱼英语Environmental_impact_of_fishing海洋污染气候变化英语Fisheries_and_climate_change的压力。

呼吸空气的水生动物

除呼吸溶解在水中氧氣的动物(如:鱼、软体动物)之外,“水生动物”一词也可以指呼吸空气,例如鲸豚类)、海牛这类脱离水体无法生存的水生哺乳动物英语Aquatic_mammal。以及鳍足类海豹海狮海象。“水生哺乳动物”也指四足哺乳动物水獭河狸,虽然这些动物实际上是两栖动物或半水生四足动物英语List of semiaquatic tetrapods。 两栖动物如无尾目这类需要水的,由其生活环境分类。大部分两栖动物包含一个需水的幼体阶段,就像蝌蚪,但之后作为陆生成体存活,并且可能返回水中以交配

某些种类的鱼类也进化出了呼吸空气的能力,以在缺少氧气的水中生存。例如Arapaima英语Arapaima骨舌鱼科)和蟾胡鲶。

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ Aquatic Animals - an overview. Science Direct. [2021-03-27] (英语). 
  2. ^ DENNY, MARK W. Terrestrial Versus Aquatic Biology: The Medium and Its Message1. American Zoologist. 1990-02-01, 30 (1): 111–121. ISSN 0003-1569. doi:10.1093/icb/30.1.111. 
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水生動物
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