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钦差大臣

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汉语名称
繁体字 欽差大臣
简化字 钦差大臣
越南语名称
國語字 Khâm sai đại thần
汉喃 欽差大臣
满语名称
满文 ᡥᡝᠰᡝ ᡳ
ᠲᠠᡣᡡᠷᠠᡥᠠ
ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ
穆麟德转写hese i takūraha amban

欽差,意為舊時官場由天子任命的一種臨時性「差遣」,奉派出外辦理要事的官員。如《西遊記》:「老爺是上國欽差,小和尚有失迎接」。存在於北周明清時代,代天子「巡行天下,撫軍按民」或查察弊端,明代地方以都指揮使司、承宣布政使司、按察使司等三司治理地方,三司偶有互相掣肘遇事難決之時,朝廷即派官員調解處理,如洪武二十四年明太祖派遣皇太子朱標巡撫陝西,在永樂十九年,成祖命侍郎郭敦,給事中陶珩巡撫順天府。欽差多以憲臣職事官巡撫地方,或以兵部堂官總督地方軍務,或以公侯勳臣總其官兵,偶有以刑部職官為主鎮撫地方者。以上為明代之欽命差遣。

至清代巡撫則變為定制,不過仍偶有臨時性的專事差遣官員。

時,欽差多稱欽差大臣。如《清史稿》·那彥成傳:「回疆四城既復,命為欽差大臣,往治善後事。」《官場現形記》:「這位欽差大臣,姓溫名國因,是由京官翰林放出來的。」

19世紀,俄國諷刺作家果戈理著有諷刺喜劇欽差大臣》。在本剧中,果戈理呐喊的“你们在笑什么,你们在笑你们自己”一句,至今仍警醒这世人。

欽差大臣的職能類似于近現代的“專案調查小組”。

参见

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钦差大臣
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