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京官.
京官指于京師任官的官员,一般是朝廷中央政府的官員。与任職于首都之外地方的外官相对。
現代中國亦以北京為首都及政治中心,所以稱中央官員為京官。
在唐朝,官员分为京官和外官两个系统;京官的薪水由太府寺(后改由度支)。外官的俸禄则就地征集[1]。唐初的时候,外官的待遇比京官要低[2]。但是在节度使权重时,则比京官要高[3]。
在宋朝,京官为选人之上,朝官之下的一个文官等级。[4]
清朝的京官聚宴习以为常,“若不赴席、不宴客,即不列于人数”[5]。由於京官日常開支大,俸祿極微薄[6],“不取之百姓,势必饥寒”[7],因此常需要地方官的冰敬與炭敬。又如李慈铭于光绪十年接受李鸿章的邀请,主持北学海堂山長,每年的束修是1200两银子,李慈铭的日記也記載接受礼品,总类相當丰富,有茶叶、烟草、火腿、鱼翅、笋干、糕点、水果以及毛笔、书籍等。冰敬與炭敬之外,還有别敬,“光(绪)、宣(统)之际,公行贿赂,专重权贵,末秩闲曹愈难沾丐矣”。[8]。即使廉潔如曾國藩也無法完全拒絕額外的收入。[9]
- ^ 賴瑞和《唐代基層文官》第379页
- ^ 新唐书卷55《食货志》:“外官降京官一等”
- ^ 资治通鉴卷225:“元载以仕进者多乐京师,恶其逼己,乃制俸禄,厚外官薄京官,京官不能自给,常从外官乞贷。”
- ^ 白钢《中国政治制度史》第555页
- ^ 张宸《平圃遗稿》
- ^ 张集馨在《道咸宦海见闻录》表示:“京官俸入甚微,专以咀嚼外官为事。每遇督抚司道进京,邀请宴会,迄无虚日。濒行时分其厚薄各家留别。予者力量已竭,受者冀期未餍,即十分周到,亦总有恶言。甚而漠不相识,绝不相关者,或具帖邀请,或上书乞帮。怒其无因,闵其无赖,未尝不小加点染。”
- ^ 蒋良骐:《东华录》卷9
- ^ 《春明梦录》卷下
- ^ 张宏杰:《给曾国藩算算账》
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