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梨园.
梨园是戏班的别称。历史上,梨園原本是唐朝皇帝遊樂的地方[1],舉行的活動包括拔河、打球等。[2]唐玄宗自作新曲名曰“道調法曲”[3],曾选伶人三百人在禁院梨园中歌舞,“聲有誤者,帝必覺而正之”[4],《霓裳羽衣曲》在梨园亦有表演。后遂称戏班为梨园,称戏曲演员为“梨园子弟”。有时也称京剧为梨园。
一說梨园的最高長官為崖公。[5]梨园的乐官還有梨园教坊使、梨园使、梨园判官、梨园供奉官,都是高级管理者,由宦官担任。另外都知是低级乐官,由具备音乐才能的樂人擔任,后因乐官过多,无法管理,在都知之上,又设都都知一职。[6]安史之亂後,梨园逐渐衰落,白居易的《江南遇天宝乐叟》写道:“唯有中官作宫使,每年寒食一开门。”唐文宗时梨园又设仙韶院,大和九年,太常少卿冯定奉命对法曲进行改造。
梨园的音乐作品有些传播到民间[7]。梨園對後來的元雜劇、明清章回小說產生了很多的影響,因為唐玄宗常常上臺扮演丑角,所以在梨園中,通常以丑角為班主/領導,而玄宗亦被稱為梨園鼻祖。現時,也有很多戲曲藝術工作者稱自己為梨園子弟。
- ^ 《新唐书》卷二○二《文艺中·李适》记载:“春幸梨园,并渭水祓除,则赐细柳圈辟疠。”
- ^ 《舊唐書》卷7《中宗》記載:“令中書門下供奉官五品以上、文武三品以上並諸學士等,自芳林門入集於梨園球場,分朋拔河,帝與皇后、公主親往觀之。”《景龍文館記》:“唐中宗(李顯)景龍四年(710)清明節,帝幸梨園。命侍臣為拔河之戲,以大麻垣(粗索)兩頭系十余小索,每索數人執之。以挽六弱為輸。”《通鉴》景云元年“(二月)庚戌,上御梨园毬场,命文武三品以上抛毬及分朋拔河,韦巨源、唐休璟衰老,随絚踣地,久之不能兴;上及皇后、妃、主临观,大笑。”
- ^ 《旧唐书·音乐志三》记载:“自开元已来,歌者杂用胡夷里巷之曲,其孙玄成所集者,工人多不能通,相传谓为法曲。”丘琼荪《燕乐探微》指出,法曲中并无道调宫。
- ^ 歐陽修:《新唐書‧禮樂志》
- ^ 崔令钦《教坊记》:“诸家散乐,呼天子为崖公。以欢喜为蚬斗,以每日长在至尊左右为长入。”
- ^ 钱易《南部新书》丙:“成通中,徘优恃恩,咸为都知。一日乐喧哗,上召都知止之,三十人并进。上曰:‘止召都知,何为毕至?’梨园使奏日:‘三十人皆都知。’乃命李可及为都都知。”
- ^ 姚汝能的《安禄山事迹》卷下记载:“肃宗克复,方散求于人间,复归于京师,十得二三。”
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