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李來亨.
李來亨(?—1664年9月23日),明末農民軍领袖李自成之侄李过义子,夔東十三家首领,南明临国公。
大順永昌二年(1645年)随李过擁明抗清。南明永曆元年(1647年),受封三原侯。永历七年(1653年)北上湖北省興山縣的茅麓山,為抗清的夔東十三家重要將領。夔東十三家不是獨立的抗清組織,而是有明朝督師閣部以及督撫統協的南明軍隊。永曆九年(1655年),立“聖帝行宮碑”。永历十年(1656年)十二月,晋封临国公。
顺治十六年,清军深入云南追擊永曆帝,晉王李定国势孤,他与诸将攻重庆,牵制南下的清军來支援雲貴的南明朝廷。康熙元年(1662年)十二月,四川总督李國英奉旨发动四川、湖广、陕西三省会剿,以三路清军进迫夔东地區。明军袁宗第部战败,撤往茶园坪。贺道宁見袁宗第部败走,於次年正月十八日向李国英投降。七月二十三日,李来亨和刘体纯、郝摇旗三部联合对湖广清军予以反击,清“楚师全军失利”,清軍傷亡甚巨。[1]八月二十四日,刘体纯,李来亨等七部乘勝追至巫山城下,次日發動攻擊,李国英则严厉督率部下官兵负隅顽抗。明軍糧草不繼,被清军击败,阵亡将士多达七千人。最后退守茅麓山九连坪(今湖北兴山西北)。康熙三年(1664年),夔东十三家只剩下李来亨部仍堅持抗擊,清兵向茅麓山發動總攻擊,李来亨部凭借山险予以迎头痛击,清兵伤亡惨重,清將穆里玛的第三子苏尔马被击毙。清軍见明寨高险异常,難以取勝,决定采取长期围困的战术,由三省辟兵会同满洲八旗兵分汛连营扼守。清军耗费巨大人力物力,修筑木城,開挖堑沟,[2]切断李來亨的後勤軍需,有效困死明軍。數月後,李来亨部粮草食盡,求战不得,只能被迫拼死突圍,但清军防御严密,數次突围未能成功。八月四日,李來亨知大勢已去,舉家自焚死。[3]
- ^ 昭梿《嘯亭雜錄》卷八《茅麓山》写道:“康熙初,命图文襄公海为督师,同川督李公国英、护军统领穆公里玛率三省兵会剿。诸将皆于层岩陡壁间,草衣卉服,攀援荆葛而进,逾年始荡平其巢穴。故今京师中谚语有其事险难者,则曰:‘又上茅麓山耶!’则当日之形势可知矣。”
- ^ 王夫之《永历实录》卷十五载:“丁夫死者积崖谷,益峻法驱里民,三千里外诸军负挽,披蓑笠,缘绝?峭壁蚁行,延绵弥望不绝。”《当陽县志》记载:“康熙元年壬寅,李来亨等盘踞竹、房、兴、巴一带,凭险不下,奉旨三省会剿,秦军上庸,蜀军巫山,楚军当陽,转输络绎往返,兵夫不下数百万。”
- ^ 光绪十年《兴山县志》卷十九《艺文》引知县潘内召《茅麓山记》中说:“三年八月,贼食尽,从党争降。来亨计穷,自焚死。”
- 李國英:《李勤襄公抚督秦蜀奏议》
- 钱海岳. 列传四十五·李来亨. 《南明史》 (中文(中国大陆)).
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