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智 (印度哲学)

梵語ज्ञानjñāna,或gñāna,巴利語ñāna),又譯為,音譯若那闍那,梵文名詞,意思是智、知識,它的意義很多,要看上下文才能決定,在古印度哲學與印度宗教中有重要地位。在佛教中,智常与合称“智慧”。

字源

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它與般若梵語Prajñā巴利語paññā)有相同的字源,源自ज्ञा(jñā,意為知覺、知識或了解),印欧语同源词包括gnoscere、希腊语gignoskein、俄语znat、英语know等。

佛教

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在佛典中,智、慧二词的意義很接近,兩者經常被混用,或合称“智慧”。一般來說,智的範圍較窄,通常被用於指超越世間的智慧[1],有抉擇、決斷之意,如lokottara-jñāna(出世間智),而慧的意義較廣,則有世間慧與出世間慧。

“般若”一詞最早於東漢即有此譯名。至於“闍那”一詞則出於隋朝[2],是指對一切事物之道理,能夠斷定是非善惡。般若是依闍那而來,闍那越多,般若的境界就越高。《瑜伽論記》第十下云:“梵云般若,此名為慧,當知第六度;梵云若那(或闍那),此名為智,當第十度。”般若為六度波羅蜜,闍那為十度波羅蜜[3]

印度教

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印度教中的“智”通常指知识、智慧、智性。瑜伽中有智瑜伽英语jnana yoga(jñāna yoga),即是对知識和内智的精神訓練[4],印度教认为人可以借由智性和虔信的训练达到神的境界[5]

注釋

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  1. ^ 《雜阿含經》卷15〈379經〉:「佛住波羅奈鹿野苑中仙人住處。爾時,世尊告五比丘:『此苦聖諦,本所未曾聞法,當正思惟。時,生眼、智、明、覺,此苦集、此苦滅、此苦滅道跡聖諦,本所未曾聞法,當正思惟。時,生眼、智、明、覺。』」
  2. ^ 《金光明最勝王經疏》云:“闍那更譯於隋朝。”
  3. ^ 《勝天王般若波羅蜜經卷第一》云:佛告勝天王言:“大王!菩薩摩訶薩修學一法通達一切法者,所謂般若波羅蜜。菩薩摩訶薩修學般若波羅蜜,則能通達檀那波羅蜜、尸羅波羅蜜、羼提波羅蜜、毘梨耶波羅蜜、禪那波羅蜜、般若波羅蜜、優波憍舍羅波羅蜜、尼坻波羅蜜、婆羅波羅蜜、闍那波羅蜜。”
  4. ^ 印度教术语【Jnana Yog】页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆(英文)
  5. ^ 中智学,作者:Florentin Smarandache,译注:刘锋。ISBN 9781931233583

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智 (印度哲学)
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