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无恒变形虫

无恒变形虫
科学分类 编辑
门: 變形蟲門 Amoebozoa
纲: 根足纲 Rhizopodea
目: 变形目 Amoebida
科: 變形蟲科 Amoebidae
属: 多卓变虫属 Polychaos
种:
无恒变形虫 P. dubium
二名法
Polychaos dubium
(Schaeffer德语Asa Arthur Schaeffer, 1916) Schaeffer, 1926[1]
異名
  • Amoeba dubia Schaeffer, 1916[2]
  • Polychaos dubia Schaeffer, 1926

无恒变形虫學名Polychaos dubium),又稱无恒多卓变虫,是一種生活在淡水中的變形蟲,其基因組由多達6700億鹼基對組成,是已知生物中基因組最龐大者[3],惟此測量結果目前有所爭議。

分類

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无恒变形虫最早於1916年由美國生物學家阿薩·阿圖·沙弗德语Asa Arthur Schaeffer描述發表,當時被歸入變形蟲屬中,名為Amoeba dubia[2],1926年沙弗認為本種與該屬其他物種有所差異,而將其同屬的囊多卓变虫[註 1]一起歸入新屬多卓变虫属Polychaos),並以本種為該屬的模式種[1]

特徵

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无恒变形虫細胞質中的結晶呈雙錐體狀或平盤狀,不具有胞內體內質英语endoplasm外質英语Ectoplasm (cell biology)均為澄清[4]細胞核為橢球狀。通常具有多個偽足(polypodal),平均為12個[5],不過快速移動時可能只剩下一個[6]

无恒变形虫具有已知生物中最龐大的基因組,共有多達6700億鹼基對(670 Gbp)[7][8]人類基因組大小的200倍。與衣笠草(1490億對基因組)與石花肺魚(1490億對基因組)同為基因組大小最大的生物。不過有學者指出无恒变形虫基因組大小為1960年代以生化技術測定,並非以現代分子技術測得,可能受細胞質中的其他DNA影響,故應謹慎判讀[8]。變形蟲屬的大变形虫英语Amoeba proteusAmoeba proteus)基因組大小過去即被認為有多達3000億鹼基對,但以分子技術測定後發現僅有約400億鹼基對[9]

生態

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无恒变形虫生長於淡水中,以藻類為食[6],在北美洲歐洲[10]中國[11][12]皆有發現。

註腳

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  1. ^ 原名Amoeba fasciculata,後改為Polychaos fasciculatum

參考資料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Schaeffer, Asa Arthur. Taxonomy of the amebas, with descriptions of thirty-nine new marine and freshwater species. Papers from the Department of Marine Biology of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. 1926a, 24: 115 pp. 12 plates [2019-10-30]. (原始内容存档于2010-05-27). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Schaeffer, Asa A. Notes on the specific and other characters of Amoeba proteusPall. (Leidy), A. discoides spec. nov., and A. dubia spec. nov.. Archiv für Protistenkunde. 1916, 37: 204–228. 
  3. ^ Laura Wegener Parfrey; et al. The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2008, 25 (4): 787–794. PMC 2933061可免费查阅. PMID 18258610. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn032. 
  4. ^ Lee, J.J., Hutner, S.H. & Bovee, E.C. (编). Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Lawrence, Kansas: Society of Protozoologists. 1985: ix + 630 pages. 
  5. ^ Polychaos dubium. Protist Information Server. [2009-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-04). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Polychaos dubium. micro*scope - version 6.0. [2009-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2010-07-25). 
  7. ^ Friz, Carl T. The biochemical composition of the free-living Amoebae Chaos chaos, amoeba dubia and Amoeba proteus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 1968, 26 (1): 81–90. ISSN 0010-406X. doi:10.1016/0010-406X(68)90314-9. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 McGrath, Casey, L, & Katz, Laura A. Genome diversity in microbial eukaryotes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2004, 19 (1): 32–38. PMID 16701223. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2003.10.007. 
  9. ^ Uri M. Outdated value of largest known genome size - [dubious report, see comments]. Bionumbers英语Bionumbers. [2019-10-30]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-12). 
  10. ^ Polychaos dubium. Amoebae on the Web. [2009-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2003-05-22). 
  11. ^ 邹涛, 申海香, 马正学, 宁应之. 小陇山国家自然保护区麻沿林区土壤肉鞭虫群落特征. 動物學研究. 2009, 30 (5): 571-577 [2019-10-30]. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1141.2009.05571. (原始内容存档于2017-09-21). 
  12. ^ 刘芳, 李琪, 申聪聪, 褚海燕, 梁文举. 长白山不同海拔梯度裸肉足虫群落分布特征. 生物多样性. 2014, 22 (5): 608-617. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14112. 
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无恒变形虫
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