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斜線陣

斜陣式
兩架F-A-18與兩架F-15以斜陣式飛行。

斜線陣(Echelon formation),又名梯形陣,軍隊陣式的一種,亦是一種戰術思想。顧名思義,斜線陣式是以軍隊斜線式佇列的陣形作戰,或以左至右傾前(右斜陣式),或以右至左傾前(左斜陣式)。

它最早的運用,是在古希臘底比斯的名將伊巴密濃達留克特拉戰役。當時針對希臘重步兵方陣一線平推平均分佈兵力的特點,其無法在不將列數減少的情況下排出與斯巴達軍相同長度的陣形,伊巴密濃達放棄嘗試排出與斯巴達相同長度陣形,集中兵力於一翼,改為將左翼的列數增多,由傳統的八至十二列改為五十列,力求獲得突破。但是有強就有弱,如果自己加強的一側獲得勝利,而削弱的一側被對方突破,仍然是沒有意義的。所以為了保護自己受到削弱的一翼,就把它向後回縮並延遲戰鬥,儘量拖延它與敵人接觸的時間,其加強了的左翼則以雙倍速度衝向斯巴達軍,希望加強的一翼能夠求得決定性的突破。就在這一戰,他用這戰陣擊敗了斯巴達精銳部隊。

後來普魯士腓特烈大帝發現從瑞典國王古斯塔夫開始,歐洲軍隊為了充分發揚火力,採取橫形陣,威力固然大大提高,但是也存在分散使用兵力的弊病。為了發揚火力,橫隊隊形是必須的,於是「重新發明」了伊巴密濃達的斜線陣形,將它運用於現代,並在索爾戰役羅斯巴赫會戰中取得輝煌成果,令得此陣式名揚天下,各國更紛紛模仿。

斜線陣現今是陸軍的基本陣式之一,尤其用於裝甲部隊,坦克。此陣式亦受戰機防暴警察所採用。

另見條目

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參考文獻

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  • 顧劍 《普魯士腓特烈大帝的生平戰役》
    • Dennis Showalter "The Wars of Frederick the Great" 1996年英文版
    • Christopher Duffy "Frederick the Great: A Military Life" 1985年英文版
    • Theodore Dodge "Great Captains" 1889年英文版
    • 富勒 《西洋世界軍事史》 1981年中文版
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斜線陣
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