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大成殿 .
曲阜孔庙 大成殿臺北孔子廟 大成殿大成殿 为东亚传统建筑孔庙 中的正殿,亦为孔庙中的核心建筑单体,唐代时称为文宣王殿,宋 崇寧 三年(1104)宋徽宗 以《孟子 .萬章下》“孔子之谓集大成”之義,下詔將曲阜孔庙 正殿更名为大成殿,宋 政和 四年(1114)又頒詔諭定天下孔庙正殿均更名大成殿,元代称宣圣殿,明代称先师庙,清代复称大成殿,意为“集古圣先贤之大成”。
各地大成殿通常在殿前设有祭祀和乐舞的露台,殿内正中奉祀孔子 塑像、画像或“大成至圣先师孔子”牌位(或其一,或像与牌位二者皆有),前面为盛放祭器的案台,左右从祀四配 和十二哲 (塑像或牌位),顶部则悬有清代皇帝所御笔题写的匾额,自康熙帝始共九位皇帝曾题写匾额并颁行全国,分别为康熙帝题“万世师表”、雍正帝题“生民未有”、乾隆帝题“与天地参”、嘉庆帝题“圣集大成”、道光帝题“圣协时中”、咸丰帝题“德齐帱载”、同治帝题“圣神天纵”、光绪帝题“斯文在兹”和宣统帝题“中和位育”,民国六年(1917年)部分孔庙尊北洋政府教育总长范源濂 指示将御匾取下另存,改悬大总统黎元洪 所书“道洽大同”[ 1] 。
现存大成殿多为明清建筑,其建筑风格常带有地方特色,保存最早者为正定县文庙 大成殿(五代至宋初)和平遥文庙 大成殿(金代),等级最高者为哈尔滨文庙 大成殿(民国初年所建,十一间重檐庑殿)、北京孔庙 大成殿(九间重檐庑殿)、曲阜孔庙 大成殿(九间重檐歇山)、济南文庙 大成殿(九间单檐庑殿)、苏州文庙 大成殿(七间重檐庑殿)和泉州文庙 大成殿(七间重檐庑殿)等。
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1.部分孔庙内另有忠义祠、节孝祠和土地祠等。2.参见
儒家 、
科举 。
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