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念 (佛教)

巴利語sati梵語smṛti),又譯為具念念根繫念,佛教術語,是一種穩定的心理狀態,修行者將思想固定在某個對象上,專注的觀察它,就稱為念。以正確的方式來修習念,被稱為正念[1]巴利文:sammā-sati,梵文:samyak-smṛti),是通往解脫的八正道之一。隨時繫念,憶持不忘,稱為隨念巴利語anussati),有六隨念與十隨念等法門。觀察「身」「受」「心」「法」四個主題,稱為四念住

字義

在巴利文及梵文,念(sati)是動詞,意為「記得」、「憶起」,引伸的名詞形態為「記憶[2],但是它也有專注、覺察的意思,英文常譯為mindfulnessawareness。《清淨道論》認為,念是一種心理過程,通過不忘失的憶念,以保持思慮的穩定、不飄蕩[3]。因為念的穩定,使得修行者可以執持(upaganha)善的念頭與行為,放棄惡的行為。形成精進不放逸的力量,這就稱為正念,英文常譯為right mindfulnessright thoughtpostive thought

佛教理論

念被列入五根之一。在阿毘達磨中,也是一種心所,南傳上座部列為七種遍行心所之一,說一切有部列入大地法之一。

正念可分為世俗正念,與聖正念二者。正確,不虛假的保持念,稱為世俗正念,可以讓人投生善趣,但它是有,有的;出世間的聖正念,則是將念保持在四聖諦上,思維四聖諦[4]

修行者的念,是否是正念,由他是不是具備正知來分辨,以正知來修行念,即是正念。以正念來觀察身、受、心、法,即是四念處,或稱四念住。以正念或安那般那念修行禪定,稱為正定

参考文献

  1. ^ 中阿含經卷七第31經《分別聖諦經》:「諸賢!云何正念?謂聖弟子念苦是苦時,習是習、滅是滅;念道是道時,或觀本所作,或學念諸行,或見諸行災患,或見涅槃止息,或無著念觀、善心解脫時,於中,若『心順念』背不?向念、念遍、念憶、復憶,心心不忘、心之所應,是名正念。」
  2. ^ 《阿毘達磨順正理論》卷10:「於境明記,不忘失因,說名為念。」
  3. ^ 《清淨道論》〈說蘊品〉:「依此而憶念故,或他自己憶念故,或只是憶念故為念。它以不漂蕩為相;以不忘失為用;以守護、境之現前為現起,以堅固之想或身念處為近因。當知念能堅持[所緣]如同門柱,能護眼根等如同守衛。」
  4. ^ 《雜阿含經》〈785經〉:「何等為正念?正念有二種,世俗:有漏,有取,轉向善趣。有正念是聖,出世間,無漏,不取,正盡苦,轉向苦邊。何等為正念世俗,有漏,有取,轉向善趣?若念、隨念、重念、憶念,不妄不虛,是名正念,世俗,有漏,有取,正向善趣。何等為正念是聖,出世間,無漏,不取,轉向苦邊。謂聖弟子苦苦思惟、集、滅、道道思惟,無漏思惟相應。若念、隨念、重念、憶念,不妄不虛,是名正念是聖,出世間,無漏,不取,轉向苦邊。」
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念 (佛教)
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