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助詞

助词(Particle,缩写:ptcl),也称质词小品词语法上属于词类的一种,指没有词形变化、本身没有实质的意义且不能单独使用的功能词。助词常常是一个包揽性术语。

定义

在现代语法当中,助词是没有形态变化、没有独立性且没有实际语义的功能词(虚词),它用来表达特定的语法范畴(如否定英语Affirmation and negation语气时态),语法关系,或者充当附著語素填充词英语Filler (linguistics)(如英语 well、ah、anyway 等)[1]。它与其它功能词,如副詞冠词介词连词感叹词相区别;但在很多语言的传统语法领域,它是一个包揽性词类术语[2],其定义更为宽泛,有时几乎等同于全部功能词,副词、冠词、介词、连词和叹词等功能词也被囊括在助词里面,如拉丁语[3][4]

具体语言

汉语助词

助詞在漢語中,通常分為結構助詞、時態助詞和語氣助詞三種,有时會將語氣助詞獨立成一種詞類,稱為「語氣詞」[5][6]白話文中常見的助詞包括:的、了、著(着)、吧、啊等,大多數都會讀為輕聲[6]文言文中則有:之、乎、者、也、矣等。

英语助词

英语中助词这一词类就是典型的包揽性词类[2],在传统的语法当中基本上所有没有形态变化的功能词都被归为助词[7],如 look up、knock out 中的 up、out 等副词,不定式标记 to,否定词 not 等。而一般的语法范畴语法关系则通过词形变化(有标)或者语序(无标,如人称代词以外的格)表示。

日语助词

日語中,日語助詞用於名词或者形容词,表示它們的格關係,或是為前置的詞彙增添意義。分類上各家說法不一[8]。常见的日语助词有格助詞、副助詞、係助詞、接續助詞、終助詞等。

韩语助词

韩语助词与日语助词所起的作用类似,分类如下。

韩语助词分类
分类 例词
格助词 主格助词 가/이, 께서
宾格助词 를/을
叙述格助词 이다
补格助词 가/이
属格助词
副词格助词 에, 에게, 한테, 로/으로, 에서, 에게서......
呼格助词 아/야
接续助词 와/과, 하고, 랑/이랑, (에)다, 며/이며
添意助词 는/은, 만, 뿐, 도, 까지, 마저, 조차, 나/이나, 든지/이든지......

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ McArthur, Tom. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press. 1992: 72-76. ISBN 019214183X. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Leech, Geoffrey. A Glossary of English Grammar. Edinburgh University Press. : 79. ISBN 978-0-7486-1729-6. 
  3. ^ Andrews, E. A. First Lessions in Latin; or Introduction to Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar 6th edition. Boston. 1844: 91. 
  4. ^ Gildersleeve, B. L.; Lodge, G. Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar. Dover. 2008: 9 [1894]. 
  5. ^ 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本網路版 - 助詞. 教育部國語推行委員會. [2019-06-16]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-08). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 劉蘭英; 孫全洲. 語法與修辭. 台北: 新學識文教. 1998. 
  7. ^ McArthur, Thomas Burns; McArthur, Roshan. The Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press. 2005. Particle. ISBN 9780192806376. 
  8. ^ 工藤浩; 山梨正明; 真田信治; 畠弘巳; 林史典; 鈴木泰; 土岐哲; 村木新次郎; 田中穂積; 小林賢次; 仁田義雄. 改訂版 日本語要説. 東京: ひつじ書房. 2009. 
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助詞
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