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病毒包膜

 巨細胞病毒的结构图

病毒包膜viral envelope)又称病毒套膜,简称包膜(envelope)、套膜,是覆盖在病毒核衣壳外的外膜,为病毒的最外层,由脂类、糖类、蛋白质构成。大部分病毒(如流感病毒等许多动物病毒)都拥有包膜[1]

包膜物质通常源自于宿主的细胞膜,因此携带宿主的磷脂蛋白质,但也具有病毒的醣蛋白。包膜可帮助病毒躲避宿主免疫系统的监视,并帮助病毒侵入宿主细胞。具有包膜的这群病毒称为包膜病毒(enveloped viruses)。

有些包膜表面的糖蛋白呈旋钮状突起结构,且可用于识别、结合并激活宿主细胞膜表面的受体,称为包膜突起(peplomer)或包膜子粒,现今又常称为刺突蛋白(spike protein),但这些糖蛋白一般不呈现尖刺状。在病毒包膜突起与宿主易感细胞表面受体结合后,病毒体会通过融合方式穿入宿主细胞:包膜与宿主的细胞膜融合在一起,而将病毒的衣壳和基因組释放入宿主的细胞质,因此感染了宿主细胞。被病毒感染的细胞还可进一步地与周围正常的易感细胞融合,形成多核巨细胞。

包膜的磷脂双分子层对干燥、热以及清洁剂非常敏感,因此这些病毒相比不带包膜的病毒更易灭活,限制了其在宿主外的生存能力,使其的传播很难远离宿主。但包膜病毒具有很强的适应性,可以在短时间内发生变化,以逃避免疫系统,因此能造成持续性的感染

例子

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一些能感染人类的具有包膜的病毒科属:

DNA病毒

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RNA病毒

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逆转录病毒

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另见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ CHAPTER #11: VIRUSES. [2008-11-07]. (原始内容存档于2008-11-10). 
  2. ^ The Rabies Virus. CDC. [2008-11-07]. (原始内容存档于2013-02-06). 

外部链接

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  • Virus Structure. Molecular Expressions: Images from the Microscope. [2007-06-27]. (原始内容存档于2007-06-29). 
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病毒包膜
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