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太子丹.
太子丹(?—前226年),姬姓,燕氏,名丹,是战国末年燕王喜的太子。
生平
秦國滅韓前夕,被送至秦國當人质,曾受辱,燕王喜二十三年(前232年),回到燕國。[1]因秦军逼境,兵臨易水,前227年,丹找人行刺秦王政,最先找到田光,田光說自己年事已高,不能成大事,於是推薦了荊軻。太子丹遂派荆轲與秦舞陽入秦,交驗樊於期頭顱,獻上督亢(今河北涿縣、易縣、固安一帶)的地圖,圖窮而匕見,刺秦王不中,荊軻被肢解而死。秦王大怒,派將軍王翦進攻燕國。二十九年(前226年),秦军攻破燕国薊都(今北京),燕王喜及太子丹逃奔遼東,李信窮追太子丹至衍水(今遼陽太子河,近年亦有人认为是今通化浑江),太子丹匿於水中倖免於難。燕王喜聽信趙國代王嘉之計,將太子斩首以献秦国,以解秦王之怒。[2]秦復進兵遼東,燕王喜三十三年(前222年),卒滅燕,俘燕王喜。史稱秦滅燕之戰。
評價
司馬光在《資治通鑒》中批判燕丹:[3]
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臣光曰:燕丹不勝一朝之忿以犯虎狼之秦,輕慮淺謀,挑怨速禍,使召公之廟不祀忽諸,罪孰大焉!而論者或謂之賢,豈不過哉!
夫為國家者,任官以才,立政以禮,懷民以仁,交鄰以信。是以官得其人,政得其節,百姓懷其德,四鄰親其義。夫如是,則國家安如磐石,熾如焱火。觸之者碎,犯之者焦,雖有強暴之國,尚何足畏哉!丹釋此不為,顧以萬乘之國,決匹夫之怒,逞盜賊之謀,功隳身戮,社稷為墟,不亦悲哉!
夫其膝行、蒲伏,非恭也;復言、重諾,非信也;糜金、散玉,非惠也;刎首、決腹,非勇也。要之,謀不遠而動不義,其楚白公勝之流乎!
荊軻懷其豢養之私,不顧七族,欲以尺八匕首強燕而弱秦,不亦愚乎!故揚子論之,以要離為蛛蝥之靡,聶政為壯士之靡,荊軻為刺客之靡,皆不可謂之義。又曰:『荊軻,君子盜諸!』善哉!
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参考资料
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燕丹子·卷上. 维基文库. 燕太子丹質於秦,秦王遇之無禮,不得意,欲求歸。秦王不聽,謬言曰:‘令烏白頭、馬生角,乃可許耳。’丹仰天歎,烏即白頭,馬生角。秦王不得已而遣之,為機發之橋,欲陷丹。丹過之,橋為不發。夜到關,關門未開。丹為雞鳴,眾雞皆鳴,遂得逃歸。深怨於秦,求欲復之。奉養勇士,無所不至。
- ^ 司馬遷.
史記·刺客列傳. 维基文库. 秦王大怒,益發兵詣趙,詔王翦軍以伐燕。十月而拔薊城。燕王喜、太子丹等盡率其精兵東保於遼東。秦將李信追擊燕王急,代王嘉乃遺燕王喜書曰:‘秦所以尤追燕急者,以太子丹故也。今王诚杀丹献之秦王,秦王必解,而社稷幸得血食。’其后李信追丹,丹匿衍水中,燕王乃使使斩太子丹,欲献之秦。
- ^ 司马光.
資治通鑑·第七卷. 维基文库.
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