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天文三角形

天球坐标系的示意图,图中由P、Z、R组成的球面三角(图中灰色区域)即为天文三角形

天文三角形(英語:Astronomical triangle),又称天文定位三角形,是指由观测者所在地平坐标处的子午圈,以及过某天体的时圈垂直圈天球上组成的球面三角形[1]该球面三角的顶点分别是天球的天极天顶和该天体所在的位置。通过观测三角形的某些的长度或的大小,可以推出另外一些量的数值,这一过程体现了天文测量的基本原理。[2]

数学表示

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几何意义

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天文定位三角形的三边具有一定的几何意义。假设该天体所在位置为,天顶为,天极为,则三边与天文测量中的观测量分别具有如下关系:

  • ,该弧段在垂直圈上,其弧距与天顶距 相等,也即与垂直角 余角相等
  • ,该弧段在时圈上,其弧距与赤纬 的余角相等
  • ,该弧段在子午圈上,其弧距与观测者所在地的天文纬度 余角相等

另可人为定义出如下观测量:

  • ,其值为子午圈和时圈的交角
  • ,其值为垂直圈和子午圈的交角的相反数
  • ,其值为垂直圈和时圈的交角,该角又被称为星位角(英語:parallactic angle

常用公式

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天文定位三角形的各边、角可通过球面三角公式相互转换,其中常用的转换公式如:

参考文献

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  1. ^ Rufus, W. C. A graphical solution of the astronomical triangle. adsabs.harvard.edu. [2020-03-30] (英语). 
  2. ^ 孔祥元; 郭际明; 刘宗泉. 大地测量学基础. 武汉大学出版社. 2001: 251–252. ISBN 978-7-30-707562-7. 
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天文三角形
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