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多德-贝克威思扩环反应

多德-贝克威思扩环反应(Dowd–Beckwith ring expansion reaction)指环状β-酮酯经过α-卤烷基取代中间体,得到环扩大产物。[1] [2][3]

反应为自由基机理,自由基引发剂体系为偶氮二异丁腈三丁基锡烷。原料环状β-酮酯可通过狄克曼缩合反应合成。底物通过此反应可在环中增加1-4个碳原子。

反应的最初版本是环己酮-2-羧酸乙酯用氢化钠处理产生的烯醇负离子,对1,4-二碘丁烷行亲核脂肪取代,生成α-碘丁基取代物,然后再用AIBN/Bu3SnH处理,得环癸酮-6-羧酸乙酯及碘丁基取代物被还原得到的副产物。

多德-贝克威思扩环反应
多德-贝克威思扩环反应

反应机理

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多德-贝克威思扩环反应的机理
多德-贝克威思扩环反应的机理

反应中扩环一步的机理见图。首先引发剂偶氮二異丁腈热分解产生自由基,该自由基从三丁基氢化锡夺氢,产生三丁基锡自由基。三丁基锡自由基接下来再夺取卤代物的卤原子,生成烷基自由基。烷基自由基对羰基进行进攻,生成双环的羰自由基中间体。该中间体然后发生重排,同时扩环,得到一个酯基α-位的自由基。它最后从三丁基锡烷夺取质子,生成产物,并再生三丁基锡自由基。

副反应

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多德-贝克威思反应例子
多德-贝克威思反应例子

此反应的一个副反应为卤烷基酮酯被还原为烷基酮酯。实验表明反应中的烷基自由基更容易接近分子内的酮基时,该副产物的比例也相应减小。[4]

使用的同位素实验证明反应中有1,5-氢转移发生。此外,烷基自由基也可对酯羰基进行进攻,不过此反应的活化能较高。

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ Paul Dowd, Soo Chang Choi. Free radical ring expansion by three and four carbons. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109 (21): 6548–6549. doi:10.1021/ja00255a071. 
  2. ^ Paul Dowd, Soo Chang Choi. A new tributyltin hydride-based rearrangement of bromomethyl β-keto esters. A synthetically useful ring expansion to γ-keto esters. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109 (11): 3493–3494. doi:10.1021/ja00245a069. 
  3. ^ Athelstan L. J. Beckwith, D. M. O'Shea, Steven W. Westwood. Rearrangement of suitably constituted aryl, alkyl, or vinyl radicals by acyl or cyano group migration. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110 (8): 2565–2575. doi:10.1021/ja00216a033. 
  4. ^ Diego Ardura and Tomás L. Sordo. Three-Carbon Dowd-Beckwith Ring Expansion Reaction versus Intramolecular 1,5-Hydrogen Transfer Reaction: A Theoretical Study. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70 (23): 9417–9423. doi:10.1021/jo051551g. 
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多德-贝克威思扩环反应
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