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古今字.
古今字是中国古书用字情况之一。同一个词在不同时期用不同的字来表示就形成了古今字,较前使用的叫“古字”或“本字”,较后使用的叫“今字”或“分化字”或“後起字”。
古今字在形体上大多数有某种联系。主要有下面几种情况:
例子:
联系 |
古字 |
今字
|
加形旁 |
然 |
燃
|
余 |
餘
|
采 |
採
|
取 |
娶
|
改变形旁 |
赴 |
讣
|
振 |
赈
|
说 |
悅
|
略加变形 |
不 |
丕
|
大/泰 |
太
|
陈 |
阵
|
通假字造成 |
亡 |
無
|
伯 |
霸
|
鄦 |
许
|
- 例:「學而時習之,不亦說乎」,此處「說」即「悅」。
汉字的数量有限,除了表本义以外,还表引申义和假借义。文字的表意功能扩大以后,为了区分不同的用法其中表示某些义项的文字往往对其加以改造,以示区别。就该义项而言,先用的字就称为古字,改造后使用的字称为今字。其成因细分如下:(前面的是“古字”,后面的是“今字”)
- 古字假借为其他用途而为其本义造今字。如:段锻、或域、韦围……
- 古字用于表示引申义而为其本义造今字。如:责债、景影、原源……
- 古字用于表示本义而为其引申义造今字。如:家嫁、士仕、告诰……
- 古字用于表本义而为其假借义造今字。如:辟避、与欤、塗途……
两者之间有交叉现象,两者间只看问题的角度不同,古今字立中于时代不同和用法上的分工,假借字主要是从文献中文字所表达的意义与它的本义是否有关联。
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