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原肠胚

原肠胚

原肠胚(gastrula)是动物胚胎發育的一个阶段。 当细胞分裂成为囊胚之后,会经过一段称为原肠形成的型态发生过程,之后形成原肠胚。原肠形成过程有许多不同方式,能够大致分成5种:

  • 内陷式(Invagination) - 植物极的细胞向胚胎内部凹陷,最后穿过胚胎在另一端开口,值得注意的是,后来出现的开口会成为动物的口部,原先的凹陷处则成为肛门,后口动物因此得名,例如海胆的内胚层。
  • 内转式(Involution)- 植物极的细胞向内沿囊胚腔内壁增生,外部则被动物极细胞取代,例如青蛙的中胚层。
  • 内移式(Ingression)- 特定地方的细胞在分裂之后,移动到其他特定的位置,例如海胆的中胚层、果蝇的神经母细胞。
  • 分层式(Delamination)- 外层的细胞滑动,原本只有一层的细胞增生为两层,例如哺乳类鸟类的下胚叶(hypoblast)。
  • 外包式(Epiboly)- 外层的细胞扩张,向植物极的凹陷处挤压,逐渐向囊胚腔内壁移动成为两层,例如青蛙与海胆的外胚层。

动物的胚胎利用这5种方式形成了外胚层、中胚层与内胚层的组合,而这三种胚层在之后会形成各种细胞。例如由内胚层发展而来,具有多潜能性的的间叶细胞,可以分化成纤维母细胞、软骨母细胞、硬骨母细胞、脂肪细胞、平滑肌细胞、横纹肌母细胞、造血母细胞等等。

发育

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原肠胚期发育成3个胚层,外胚层、中胚层和内胚层。

外部链接

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原肠胚
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