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南美響尾蛇

南美響尾蛇
委內瑞拉響尾蛇(Crotalus durissus cumanensis
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 爬行綱 Reptilia
目: 有鳞目 Squamata
亚目: 蛇亚目 Serpentes
科: 蝰科 Viperidae
属: 响尾蛇属 Crotalus
种:
南美響尾蛇 C. durissus
二名法
Crotalus durissus
Linnaeus, 1758
異名
  • C. Dryinas
  • Caudisona orientalis
  • Caudisona Gronovii
  • C. orientalis
  • C. strepitans var. dryinas
  • Uropsophus durissus
  • C. pulvis
  • C. terrificus durissus
  • C. Gronovii
  • C. durissus dryinus
  • C. (Crotalus) durissus dryinus

南美響尾蛇Crotalus durissus)是一種分佈在南美洲響尾蛇。牠們是內分佈最廣的物種[2],並在其出沒的一些地區引發毒蛇咬傷的救治難題。[3]其下已發現了8個亞種[4]

特徵

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南美響尾蛇可以長達1.8米,頸部到頭部有兩道明顯的黑線(其實視脊椎骨的突起痕跡)。

分佈

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除了厄瓜多爾智利,南美響尾蛇分佈在南美洲的所有國家。不過,牠們的分佈地卻是斷斷續續的[2],在北部的哥倫比亞委內瑞拉圭亞那蘇利南法屬圭亞那巴西北部有一些孤立的群落。牠們出沒於哥倫比亞及巴西東部至秘魯東南部、玻利維亞烏拉圭巴拉圭阿根廷北部。[5]牠們也在加勒比海的一些島上生活,包括塔瑪林多及阿魯巴[2]

棲息地

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南美響尾蛇喜歡大草原、卡丁加群落及喜拉多。牠們也曾在委內瑞拉西北部的海岸叢林出沒。在巴拉圭格蘭查科,牠們棲息在較乾旱及多沙的地方。[2]

毒素

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南美響尾蛇的毒素有如在玩俄羅斯輪盤。成年響尾蛇的毒素效果只會破壞血液細胞和組織,但年幼響尾蛇還沒有能發出警告的響環,因此他們的毒素還會讓肌肉彎曲痙攣,並攻擊呼吸系統,導致呼吸衰竭。效果較強的毒素可彌補年幼響尾蛇無法發出警告的缺陷。

亞種

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亞種[4] 命名者[4] 俗稱 分佈
C. d. cumanensis Humboldt, 1833 委內瑞拉響尾蛇[6]
C. d. durissus Linnaeus, 1758 南美響尾蛇[2](指名亞種)
C. d. marajoensis Hoge, 1966
C. d. maricelae García Pérez, 1995
C. d. ruruima Hoge, 1966 分佈在委內瑞拉羅賴馬山;在巴西也有發現一些標本。[2]
C. d. terrificus (Laurenti, 1768) 分佈在巴西的卡斯卡韦尔[6]
C. d. trigonicus Harris & Simmons, 1978
C. d. unicolor Lidth de Jeude, 1887 阿鲁巴響尾蛇[7] 分佈在委內瑞拉對出的阿魯巴島上。[7]
C. d. vegrandis Klauber, 1941 烏拉崗響尾蛇[7] 分佈在委內瑞拉的摩納加斯。[7]

分類

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圭亞那響尾蛇原先被命名為C. d. dryinus[5],現已被認為是指名亞種異名。正確來說,以往南美響尾蛇的指名亞種後來成為了C. simus的指名亞種,而圭亞那響尾蛇則改為南美響尾蛇的指名亞種。[2]C. d. collilineatusC. d. cascavella都被認為是C. d. terrificus的異名。[8][9]

參考

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  1. ^ Cacciali, P.; Caicedo, J.R.; Carreira, S.; Fitzgerald, L.; Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, P.; Kacoliris, F.; Montero, R.; Renjifo, J.; Rivas, G.; Rodríguez, J.; Scott, N. Crotalus durissus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T178477A44954627 [28 August 2024]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T178477A44954627.en可免费查阅. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Campbell JA, Lamar WW. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 2004: 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2. 
  3. ^ Warrell DA. Snakebites in Central and South America: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Clinical Management. Campbell JA, Lamar WW (编). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 2004: 870 pp. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Crotalus durissus. ITIS. 2007 [28 November, 2007]. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 1999: 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Mehrtens JM. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 1987: 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Klauber LM. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. 2 volumes. Reprint, University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-21056-5.
  8. ^ Wüster W, Ferguson JE, Quijada-Mascareñas JA, Pook CE, Salomão MG, Thorpe RS. Tracing an invasion: landbridges, refugia and the phylogeography of the Neotropical rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus durissus) (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 2005, 14: 1095–1108 [2020-12-29]. (PDF 原始内容 请检查|url=值 (帮助) (PDF)存档于2006-12-25). 
  9. ^ Wüster W, Ferguson JE, Quijada-Mascareñas JA, Pook CE, Salomão MG, Thorpe RS. No rattlesnakes in the rainforests: reply to Gosling and Bush (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 2005, 14: 3619–3621 [2020-12-29]. (PDF 原始内容 请检查|url=值 (帮助) (PDF)存档于2006-12-27). 

外部連結

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南美響尾蛇
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