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区域特征

语言学中,区域特征指一定地理区域内的语言或方言间共享的某个或某些特征[1],特别是当这种特征不来自祖语时。也就是说,区域特征与谱系联系而致的相似性相对,一般是由区域内的主导语言传播到相邻的语言中的(参见语言联盟)。

发生学关系主要体现在语言演化的树模型中,区域关系则主要用于波浪模型中。

特征

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多种语言间的相似性(无论类型学上还是词汇上)由数种机制造成,如语言谱系关系(从同一共同祖先演化而来,类似于生物分类)、语言间借词、人群语言转变时古特征的遗留、偶然的巧合。当关于祖语的材料匮乏时,确定这些相似性是谱系的还是仅是区域的,可能会很困难。爱德华·萨丕尔将接触、扩散的证据作为证伪发生学重建的工具,在他职业生涯的最后阶段才将其作为独立的主题进行研究。(如研究藏语支语言对吐火罗语族语言的影响)。[2]

主要模型

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2007年,威廉·拉波夫在一个基于儿童与成人语言学习能力差异的一般框架中调和了树模型和波浪模型。成人不会以足够的规律性保存结构特征,从而在其社群建立规范,但儿童可以。语言特征通过成人之间的接触在一个地区扩散。语言通过儿童语言学习过程中的细微变化分支为方言,然后再分化为相关的语言,这些变化经过几代人的积累,当语言社区不再(频繁地)相互交流时,积累的变化就会引发分化。[3]区域特征的扩散很大程度上取决于低层次语音转变,而树模型的转变还包括结构因素,如“语法条件、词界限及驱动链变的系统关系”。[4]

语言联盟

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在语言多样性丰富的地区,一些区域特征可在一组语言中传播,形成语言联盟。典型例子如巴尔干语言联盟东南亚语言联盟南亚次大陆的语言等。[來源請求]

例子

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音系、音素

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形态音位

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  • 叠词中元音交替的形式。[9]

语法

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句法

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  • 欧洲大部倾向用及物动词(如“我有”)表领属,而不用领属与格结构,如拉丁语mihi est(“给我是”),考虑到缺乏“有”的词根,后者更可能是原始印欧语中原有的领属表达。[10]
  • 欧洲语言以“有”+过去分词表示完成时。(此条和上一条的拉丁语habeo、德语haben不是同源词)
  • “是(be)”+过去分词表不及物动词、反身动词完成时(与分词一致),见于法语、意大利语、德语、古西班牙语、古葡萄牙语,可能还有英语。
  • 部分巴尔干语言中,后置冠词、避免不定式属格与格合流、顶格的产生。
  • 新几内亚南岛语系语言主宾动语序的扩散。
  • 东南亚语言联盟的量词系统。

社会语言学

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  • 欧洲大部复数代词作“你”敬辞。

另见

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注释

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  1. ^ etymonline.com: areal (adj.). [2022-02-06]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-24). 
  2. ^ Drechsel, Emanuel J. (1988). "Wilhelm von Humboldt and Edward Sapir: analogies and homologies in their linguistic thoughts", in Shipley, William (编). In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics. the Hague: de Gruyter Mouton. December 1988: 826 [2022-02-06]. ISBN 978-3-11-011165-1. (原始内容存档于2022-04-30).  p. 254.
  3. ^ Labov, William. Transmission and diffusion (PDF). Language. 2007, 83 (2): 344–387 [18 Aug 2010]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860可免费查阅. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-04-01). 
  4. ^ Labov 2007:6.
  5. ^ Berger, H. Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nagar. Vols. I-III. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1988
  6. ^ Tikkanen (2005)
  7. ^ G. Morgenstierne, Irano-Dardica. Wiesbaden 1973
  8. ^ The Munda Languages. Edited by Gregory D. S. Anderson. London and New York: Routledge (Routledge Language Family Series), 2008. ISBN 978-0-415-32890-6
  9. ^ Ido, Shinji. Vowel alternation in disyllabic reduplicatives. Eesti Ja Soome-ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri. 2011, 2 (1): 185–193 [2022-02-06]. doi:10.12697/jeful.2011.2.1.12可免费查阅. (原始内容存档于2022-02-06). 
  10. ^ Winfred Philipp Lehmann, Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, Routledge, 1992, p. 170. [2022-02-06]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-10). 

参考

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  • Abbi, Anvita. (1992). Reduplication in South Asian Languages: An Areal, Typological, and Historical Study. India: Allied Publishers.
  • Blevins, Juliette. (2017). Areal sound patterns: From perceptual magnets to stone soup. In R. Hickey (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics (pp. 88–121). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle. Areal linguistics: A closer scrutiny. Matras, Yaron; McMahon, April; Vincent, Nigel (编). Linguistic areas: Convergence in historical and typological perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2006: 1–31 [2022-02-06]. 原始内容存档于2011-07-16. 
  • Campbell, Lyle. Areal linguistics. Brown, Keith (编). Encyclopedia of language and linguistics 2nd. Oxford: Elsevier. 2006: 1.455–460 [2022-02-06]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-13). 
  • Chappell, Hilary. (2001). Language contact and areal diffusion in Sinitic languages. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.), Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics (pp. 328–357). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Enfield, N. J. (2005). Areal Linguistics and Mainland Southeast Asia. Annual Review of Anthropology, 34, 181-206.
  • Haas, Mary R. Language, culture, and history, essays by Mary R. Haas, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1978. 
  • Haas, Mary R. Prehistory of Languages. The Hague: de Gruyter Mouton. June 1978: 120. ISBN 978-90-279-0681-6. 
  • Hickey, Raymond (编). The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2017. 
  • Kirby, James & Brunelle, Marc. (2017). Southeast Asian Tone in Areal Perspective. In R. Hickey (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics (pp. 703–731). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Matisoff, J. A. (1999). Tibeto-Burman tonology in an areal context. In Proceedings of the symposium Crosslinguistic studies of tonal phenomena: Tonogenesis, Japanese Accentology, and Other Topics (pp. 3–31). Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
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区域特征
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