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加拿大語言

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加拿大是一个多语言国家,很多种语言在加拿大都有很多人口使用。包括了加拿大原住民第一民族因纽特人梅蒂人等)的多种语言、各国移民带来的语言、当地方言和混合的语言。加拿大政府承认两种官方语言,即英语法语,其中法語被定為「國語」,全國的通用语言則為英語。官方层面对法语的使用主要体现在加拿大国歌、荣誉制度和军事口令都是使用法语。在各省之中,明确将法语作为第一语言的仅有魁北克一省,而其他省份虽然在公共场合下皆以英法双语标注所有标识,但并不广泛使用法语。英语的拼写方法以英国英语为准,但发音以美国英语为准,为行政和教育体系中所有科目的教学媒介语。

根据2016年的估计,以英语法语为母语的加拿大人分别占56.0%和20.6%。[1]掌握英语的人口占到了总人口比例86.2%,而掌握法语的人口则约占29.8%。[2]在《官方语言法令》和《加拿大权利与自由宪章》第十六条中,英语法语均被认可为官方语言,这意味着加拿大的所有法案均以两种语言颁布,政府机构也必须同时提供这两种语言的服务。在加拿大的行政区划中,魁北克仅以法语为官方语言,新不伦瑞克是唯一一个同时以英语和法语为官方语言的省,其它省均以英语为官方语言。

加拿大的语言多样性不仅体现在这两种官方语言上。大约610万加拿大人(约占全体加拿大人的18%)的母语或第一语言既不是英语也不是法语,通常这些人是第一代移民。大约有350万加拿大人无论在家庭还是在社会中通常不使用英语或法语。

加拿大也是许多种美洲原住民语的故乡,但使用人口占加拿大总人口的1%不到。除此以外,乌克兰语粤语在加拿大也有超过50万人的使用人口。

母語人數統計

母語統計
2016 人口普查
母語 比例
英语
55.97%
法语
20.61%
其他語言
21.06%
英语及法语
0.48%
母語 2016年加拿大人口普查 2011年加拿大人口普查 2006年加拿大人口普查 Notes
种群 % Pop. % Pop. %
回答"只有一種母語" 33,947,610 97.64% 32,481,635 98.07% 30,848,270 98.74%
英語或法語 26,627,545 76.59% 25,913,955 78.24% 24,700,425 79.06%
英语 19,460,855 55.97% 18,858,980 56.94% 17,882,775 57.24%
法语 7,166,700 20.61% 7,054,975 21.3% 6,817,650 21.82%
英語及法語以外的語言 7,321,070 21.06% 6,567,680 19.83% 6,147,840 19.68%
汉语 1,227,680 3.53% n/a n/a n/a n/a Combined responses of Mandarin, Cantonese, Chinese n.o.s. and Min Nan
官话 (現代標準漢語) 592,035 1.7% 248,705 0.75% 170,950 0.55%
广州话 565,275 1.63% 372,460 1.12% 361,450 1.16%
旁遮普語 501,680 1.44% 430,705 1.3% 367,505 1.18%
西班牙语 458,850 1.32% 410,670 1.24% 345,345 1.11%
他加祿語 431,385 1.24% 327,445 0.99% 235,615 0.75%
阿拉伯语 419,895 1.21% 327,870 0.99% 261,640 0.84%
德语 384,040 1.1% 409,200 1.24% 450,570 1.44%
意大利语 375,645 1.08% 407,485 1.23% 455,040 1.46%
印度斯坦语 321,465 0.92% 263,345 0.8% 224,045 0.72% Combined responses of Hindi and Urdu
葡萄牙語 221,535 0.64% 211,335 0.64% 219,275 0.7%
波斯语 (Farsi) 214,200 0.62% 170,045 0.51% 134,080 0.43%
乌尔都语 210,820 0.61% 172,800 0.52% 145,805 0.47%
俄语 188,255 0.54% 164,330 0.5% 133,580 0.43%
波兰语 181,705 0.52% 191,645 0.58% 211,175 0.68%
越南语 156,430 0.45% 144,880 0.44% 141,625 0.45%
朝鮮語 153,425 0.44% 137,925 0.42% 125,570 0.4%
泰米尔语 140,720 0.4% 131,265 0.4% 115,880 0.37% Most of the Canadian Tamils英语Tamil Canadians live in Toronto.
印地语 110,645 0.32% 90,545 0.27% 78,240 0.25%
古吉拉特语 108,775 0.31% 91,450 0.28% 81,465 0.26%
希腊语 106,520 0.31% 108,925 0.33% 117,285 0.38%
乌克兰语 102,485 0.29% 111,540 0.34% 134,500 0.43%
荷蘭語 99,015 0.28% 110,490 0.33% 128,900 0.41%
羅馬尼亞語 96,660 0.28% 90,300 0.27% 78,495 0.25%
孟加拉语 73,125 0.21% 59,370 0.18% 45,685 0.15%
克里奧爾語 72,130 0.21% 61,725 0.19% 53,515 0.17%
克里语, n.o.s.[nb 1] 64,045 0.18% 77,900 0.24% 78,855 0.25% In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to simply as 'Cree'.
匈牙利语 61,235 0.18% 67,920 0.21% 73,335 0.23% The majority of Hungarian speakers英语Hungarian Canadians in Canada live in Ontario. A community of Hungarian speakers is found within a part of 温莎 (安大略省).
柏柏尔语族 (卡拜爾語) n/a n/a 57,855 0.17% 25,578 0.08%
塞尔维亚语 57,345 0.16% 56,420 0.17% 51,665 0.17%
克罗地亚语 48,200 0.14% 49,730 0.15% 55,330 0.18%
日语 43,640 0.13% 39,985 0.12% 40,200 0.13%
汉语, n.o.s.[nb 1] 38,575 0.11% 425,210 1.28% 456,705 1.46%
索馬里語 36,760 0.11% 31,380 0.09% 27,320 0.09%
伊努克提圖特語 35,215 0.1% 33,500 0.1% 32,015 0.1% In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Inuktitut, n.i.e.'.[nb 2]
亚美尼亚语 33,455 0.1% 29,795 0.09% 30,130 0.1%
土耳其语 32,815 0.09% 29,640 0.09% 24,745 0.08%
闽南语 31,795 0.09% n/a n/a n/a n/a
马拉雅拉姆语 28,570 0.08% 16,080 0.05% 11,925 0.04%
阿尔巴尼亚语 26,895 0.08% 23,820 0.07% n/a n/a
伊洛卡诺语 26,345 0.08% 17,915 0.05% 13,450 0.04%
阿姆哈拉语 22,465 0.06% 18,020 0.05% 14,555 0.05%
捷克语 22,295 0.06% 23,585 0.07% 24,450 0.08%
高棉语 20,130 0.06% 19,440 0.06% 19,105 0.06%
保加利亚语 20,020 0.06% 19,050 0.06% 16,790 0.05%
希伯来语 19,530 0.06% 18,450 0.06% 17,635 0.06%
尼日尔-刚果语系, n.i.e.[nb 2] 19,140 0.06% 14,075 0.04% n/a n/a
尼泊尔语 18,275 0.05% 8,480 0.03% n/a n/a
奥吉布瓦语 17,885 0.05% 17,625 0.05% 24,190 0.08%
斯洛伐克语 17,585 0.05% 17,580 0.05% 18,820 0.06%
普什图语 16,910 0.05% 12,465 0.04% 9,025 0.03%
马其顿语 16,770 0.05% 17,245 0.05% 18,435 0.06%
提格利尼亞語 16,650 0.05% 10,220 0.03% 7,105 0.02%
僧伽罗语 16,335 0.05% 14,185 0.04% 10,180 0.03%
米沙鄢語支 n/a n/a 16,240 0.05% 11,240 0.04%
泰卢固语 15,655 0.05% 9,315 0.03% 6,625 0.02%
芬兰语 15,295 0.04% 17,415 0.05% 21,030 0.07%
意第緒語 13,555 0.04% 15,205 0.05% 16,295 0.05%
阿坎语 13,460 0.04% 12,680 0.04% 12,780 0.04%
斯瓦希里语 13,375 0.04% 10,090 0.03% 7,935 0.03%
吴语 (Shanghainese) 12,920 0.04% n/a n/a n/a n/a
Oji-Cree英语Oji-Cree language 12,855 0.04% 9,835 0.03% 11,690 0.04%
老挝语 12,670 0.04% 12,970 0.04% 13,940 0.04%
丹麦语 12,630 0.04% 14,145 0.04% 18,735 0.06%
马来语 12,275 0.04% 10,910 0.03% 9,490 0.03%
波斯尼亚语 12,210 0.04% 11,685 0.04% 12,790 0.04%
信德语 11,860 0.03% 11,330 0.03% 10,355 0.03%
庫爾德語 11,705 0.03% 9,805 0.03% 7,660 0.02%
客家话 10,910 0.03% 5,115 0.02% n/a n/a
Dene英语Chipewyan language, n.o.s.[nb 1] 10,700 0.03% 11,215 0.03% 9,745 0.03%
南非語 10,260 0.03% 8,770 0.03% n/a n/a
Montagnais (Innu)英语Innu language 10,230 0.03% 10,785 0.03% 10,975 0.04% In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Montagnais-Naskapi英语Naskapi language'.
斯洛文尼亚语 9,785 0.03% 10,775 0.03% 13,135 0.04%
臺灣話 n/a n/a 9,635 0.03% 9,620 0.03%
塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语 9,555 0.03% 10,155 0.03% 12,510 0.04% All varieties of Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian) combined would enumerate a total of 127,310 speakers (0.37% of total population).
非洲语言, n.i.e.[nb 2] n/a n/a 9,125 0.03% n/a n/a
泰语 9,255 0.03% 7,935 0.02% n/a n/a
马拉地语 8,295 0.02% 5,830 0.02% n/a n/a
班图语支, n.i.e.[nb 2] n/a n/a 7,150 0.02% n/a n/a
立陶宛语 7,075 0.02% 7,245 0.02% 8,335 0.03%
瑞典語 6,840 0.02% 7,350 0.02% 8,220 0.03%
Mi'kmaq英语Mi'kmaq language 6,690 0.02% 7,635 0.02% 7,365 0.02%
Tibetan 6,165 0.02% n/a n/a n/a n/a
阿提卡米克语 6,150 0.02% 5,820 0.02% 5,250 0.02%
加拿大苏格兰盖尔语 n/a n/a 6,015 0.02% 6,015 0.02%
Fukien (福州話) n/a n/a 5,925 0.02% n/a n/a
Rundi (隆迪语) 5,845 0.02% 3,975 0.01% n/a n/a
马耳他语 5,565 0.02% 6,220 0.02% 6,405 0.02%
爱沙尼亚语 5,445 0.02% 6,385 0.02% 8,240 0.03%
拉脱维亚语 5,455 0.02% 6,200 0.02% 7,000 0.02%
卢旺达语 (Rwanda) 5,250 0.02% 3,895 0.01% n/a n/a
印度-伊朗语族, n.i.e.[nb 2] 5,180 0.01% 5,255 0.02% n/a n/a
奧羅莫語 4,960 0.01% 11,140 0.03% n/a n/a
挪威语 4,615 0.01% 5,800 0.02% 7,225 0.02%
藏語 n/a n/a 4,640 0.01% n/a n/a
汉藏语系, n.i.e.[nb 2] n/a n/a 4,360 0.01% n/a n/a
手語s, n.i.e.[nb 2] 4,125 0.01% 3,815 0.01% n/a n/a
Vlaams (弗拉芒语) 3,895 0.01% 4,690 0.01% 5,660 0.02%
林加拉语 3,810 0.01% 3,085 0.01% n/a n/a
缅甸语 3,585 0.01% 2,985 0.01% n/a n/a
Stoney英语Stoney language 3,025 0.01% 3,050 0.01% n/a n/a
上海话 n/a n/a 2,920 0.01% n/a n/a
黑腳語 2,815 <0.01% n/a n/a 3,085 0.01%
斯拉夫语族, n.i.e.[nb 2] 2,420 0.01% 3,630 0.01% n/a n/a
闪米特语族, n.i.e.[nb 2] 2,155 0.01% 16,970 0.05% n/a n/a
弗里斯兰语 2,095 <0.01% n/a n/a 2,890 0.01%
Dogrib英语Dogrib language (Tlicho) 1,645 <0.01% n/a n/a 2,020 0.01%
藏緬語族, n.i.e.[nb 2] 1,405 <0.01% n/a n/a n/a n/a
Siouan languages英语Siouan languages (Dakota英语Dakota language/苏语) 1,265 <0.01% n/a n/a 5,585 0.02%
Algonquin英语Algonquin language 1,260 <0.01% n/a n/a 1,920 0.01%
苏格兰盖尔语 1,095 <0.01% n/a n/a n/a n/a
威尔士语 1,075 <0.01% n/a n/a n/a n/a
Carrier英语Carrier language 1,030 <0.01% n/a n/a 1,560 <0.01%
Inuinnaqtun英语Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun英语Inuvialuktun) 1,020 <0.01% n/a n/a 365 <0.01%
摩和克語 985 <0.01% n/a n/a 290 <0.01%
South Slavey英语Slavey language 950 <0.01% n/a n/a 1,605 0.01% Also known as Dene Yatıé or Dene Zhatıé, or Dené Dháh.
Gitxsan (Gitksan)英语Gitxsan language 880 <0.01% n/a n/a 1,180 <0.01%
North Slavey英语Slavey language 765 <0.01% n/a n/a 1,065 <0.01% Also known as Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́, K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́, and Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́.
Tsilhqot'in英语Chilcotin language 655 <0.01% n/a n/a 1,070 <0.01% Also spelled Chilcotin.
凯尔特语族, n.i.e.[nb 2] 530 <0.01% n/a n/a n/a n/a
Dënësųłıné英语Chipewyan language n/a n/a n/a n/a 525 <0.01%
Michif英语Michif 465 <0.01% n/a n/a n/a n/a
Shuswap英语Shuswap language (Secwepemctsin) 445 <0.01% n/a n/a 935 <0.01%
Nisga'a英语Nisga'a language 400 <0.01% n/a n/a 680 <0.01%
Malecite英语Malecite-Passamaquoddy language 300 <0.01% n/a n/a 535 <0.01%
哥威迅语 260 <0.01% n/a n/a 360 <0.01%
特林吉特語 95 <0.01% n/a n/a 80 <0.01%
其他語言 n/a n/a 77,890 0.2% 172,650 0.55%
回答"有多種母語" 818,640 2.35% 639,540 1.9% 392,760 1.26%
英語及法語 165,335 0.48% 144,685 0.4% 98,630 0.32%
英語及一種非法定語言 533,260 1.53% 396,330 1.2% 240,005 0.77%
法語及一種非法定語言 86,145 0.25% 74,430 0.2% 43,335 0.14%
英語、法語及一種非法定語言 33,900 0.1% 24,095 0.07% 10,790 0.03%
總數[3][4][5] 34,767,250 100% 33,121,175 100% 31,241,030 100%

参考资料

  1. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Mother tongue by age (Total), % distribution (2016) for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data. www12.statcan.gc.ca. 2017-08-02 [2019-12-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-12). 
  2. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Knowledge of official languages by age (Total), % distribution (2016) for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data. www12.statcan.gc.ca. 2017-08-02 [2019-12-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-25). 
  3. ^ Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada. Statistics Canada. August 2, 2017 [2024-02-25]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-15). 
  4. ^ Census Profile. 8 February 2012 [May 18, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2016-05-16). 
  5. ^ Topic-based tabulations|Detailed Mother Tongue (103), Knowledge of Official Languages, 2006年加拿大人口普查 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期July 1, 2013,.
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 n.o.s. – not otherwise specified
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 n.i.e. – not included elsewhere
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加拿大語言
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