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第一民族

第一民族





總人口
698,025[1]
語言
美洲原住民語言
加拿大英語
加拿大法語
宗教信仰
基督教
加拿大聖公會
傳統信仰

第一民族(英語:First Nations;法語:Premières Nations),又译第一國族,是數個加拿大境內民族的通稱,法定與印地安人同義,指的是在現今加拿大境內的北美洲原住民及其子孫,但是不包括因纽特人梅蒂人。在加拿大,原住民的全國性組織是第一民族議會(英語:Assembly of First Nations,法語:Assemblée des premières nations)。

辭源

加拿大原住民由“第一民族”(First Nations)、“因紐特人”(Inuit)、[2]和“梅蒂人”(Métis)[3]組成。[4][5]“First Nations”一詞在1970、80年代起被廣泛使用,取代了原先所用的“Indian band”。[6]索爾·桑德斯(Elder Sol Sanderson)宣稱在1980年代初期創造了這個詞。[7] 有些人則認為其是出現於1970年代,用以迴避使用有冒犯性的“印地安人”(Indian)。這個詞尚未有具體的法律定義。一些原住民部落也以“First Nation”取代名稱上原來的“band”。[8]

目前“印地安人”(Indian)這詞雖然依然是法律用語,但在加拿大的已漸漸不再使用。[9][10] 而美國政府和其他國家使用的“Native Americans”一詞則不常用於加拿大,[5]通常只用於稱呼於美國境內的原住民。[11]同樣,“Native Canadian”一詞也不常見,然而“Natives”和“autochthones”(希臘詞根autochthon,意即土地)卻有被使用。根據1763年王室公告,[12]官方稱呼英屬北美的原住民為「部落」或「民族」。

文化

第一民族通常分類為共通的文化圈,依地域區分為副極地,東北林地,平原,高原,西北海岸。

加拿大第一民族主要分布區域(棕色色塊)

根據加拿大2006年人口普查,原住民人口數為1,172,790 (3.75%),其中第一民族人口數為698,025(2.23%)。[13]

政府

第一民族自治政府的首領和議會,有權管理其下的醫院、學校。在公共事業、環境保護以及建築法規等也有很大的自治權限。但過度的集權可能是第一民族自治政府功能失調的原因之一。[14]

問題

第一民族的生活並不理想,他們中大多數人的生活條件只能比得上如海地這樣的發展中國家[15][16]第一民族的失業率、[17]犯罪率、[18]藥物濫用[19]比全國平均水平高,受教育率低,貧困程度高,以及胎儿乙醇综合征等健康問題。[20][21][22][23]

其出生時的預期壽命也較低,2001數據估計第一民族男女壽命低於全國平均水平。[24]與非原住民相比,同性別間的自殺率高出兩倍、同年齡段的自殺率更高出三倍。[25]

原住民組成的黑幫,其中大部份位於溫尼伯,也是一個很大的社會問題。[26]

糖尿病

第一民族的糖尿病患病率與其他民族相比高得非同尋常,其2型糖尿病患病率可能是由於外部環境、基因以及生物因素(例:节俭表型假设),[27]不過具體情況還不清楚。[28]

参考文献

  1. ^ Aboriginal Identity (2006 Census). Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. [2009-10-08]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-20). 
  2. ^ "(ARTICLE 1 – DEFINITION 6)" Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada) – ICC Charter 请检查|url=值 (帮助). Application Design & Development Indelta Communication. 2007 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2010-03-05). 
  3. ^ final Written Submissions of Federal Crown In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court (PDF). Factum of the Federal Crown Canada; University of Manitoba, Faculty of Law. 2007 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-03-26). 
  4. ^ The Canadian Atlas Online First Peoples. Canadian Geographic. [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-08). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Terminology. Aboriginal Peoples & Communities. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2009-06-03 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2011-08-24). 
  6. ^ Gibson, Gordon. A New Look at Canadian Indian Policy: Respect the Collective – Promote the Individual. 2009. ISBN 978-0-88975-243-6. 
  7. ^ Assembly of First Nations 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2006-05-23., p. 74.
  8. ^ Terminology 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2012-08-13.. Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  9. ^ Words First An Evolving Terminology Relating to Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. Communications Branch of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2004 [2010-06-26]. (原始内容存档于2007-11-14). 
  10. ^ Terminology of First Nations, Native, Aboriginal and Métis (PDF). Aboriginal Infant Development Programs of BC. 2009 [2010-06-26]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-02-27). 
  11. ^ Hill, Liz. National Museum of the American Indian. Smithsonian Institution. 2007 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-13). 
  12. ^ Wilson, W.R. The Royal Proclamation of 1763. 2004 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2011-09-27). 
  13. ^ Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20%. Statistics Canada Census: 2006 Census: Data products Topic-based tabulations. Government of Canada. 2008-06-12 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-20). 
  14. ^ [John]. The First Nation Governance System: A Brake on Closing the Community Well-being Gap (PDF). Institute on Governance. April 2010 [17 July 2011]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011年6月16日).  请检查|author-link1=值 (帮助)
  15. ^ O'Neil, Peter. A Canadian community compared to Haiti — at minus-40C | Vancouver Sun. Blogs.vancouversun.com. [2013-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2013-02-04). 
  16. ^ Stop the blame game. The Star. [2013-09-17]. (原始内容存档于2011-12-10). 
  17. ^ Natives in Canada suffer from high unemployment – June 14, 2005. Indianz.Com; Noble Savage Media, LLC; Ho-Chunk, Inc. 2000–2005 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2008-11-29). 
  18. ^ Gorelick, Melissa. Discrimination of Aboriginals on native lands in Canada: a comprehensive crisis – September 2007. UN Chronicle (CBS Interactive Inc.). 2007 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-10). 
  19. ^ Health Canada – National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program. Government of Canada. 2006-03-06 [2008-11-14]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-06). 
  20. ^ Health Canada -First Nations, Inuit and Aboriginal Health – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects. Government of Canada. 2007-11-146 [2010-01-22]. (原始内容存档于2010-03-23). 
  21. ^ Poverty to blame for TB among Aboriginals: experts. CTV News. November 14, 200 [2008-11-14]. (原始内容存档于2009-06-04). 
  22. ^ Health Canada – Statistical Profile on the Health of First Nations in Canada. Government of Canada. [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-28). 
  23. ^ Jennissen, Therese. Health issues in rural Canada – B. People of Aboriginal Origin. Political and Social Affairs Division. Government of Canada. December 1992 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2010-01-19). 
  24. ^ First Nations Comparable Health Indicators. Health Canada First Nations, Inuit & Aboriginal Health Diseases & Health Conditions. Government of Canada. 2007-03-16 [2008-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-12). 
  25. ^ Robinson, B.A. Suicide among Canada's First Nations. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 2007-01-03 [2009-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2006-12-12). 
  26. ^ Native gangs spreading across Canada, says RCMP. CTV.ca. 2010-03-16 [2010-03-16]. (原始内容存档于2010-03-24). 
  27. ^ Pollard, T. M. 2008. Western Diseases: An Evolutionary Perspective. Chapter 4: The thrifty genotype versus thrifty phenotype debate: efforts to explain between population variation in rates of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  28. ^ Dyck R, Osgood N, Lin TH, Gao A, and Stang MR (2010) Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus among First Nations and non-First Nations adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal 182:249-256; published ahead of print January 18, 2010, doi:10.1503/cmaj.090846[永久失效連結]

外部連結

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第一民族
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