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剔紅

雕漆雲龍五屜盒式
雕漆帶托泥寶座

剔紅東亞漆器製作工藝,是雕漆中最盛行的一類,又名“雕紅漆”或“紅雕漆”。其技法於唐代就具相當規模,成熟於時期,發展於兩代,南北很多流派都發展出獨具特色的剔紅技巧。明代漆藝大匠黃成在《髹飾錄·坤集·雕鏤第十·剔紅》中記載:「剔紅,即雕紅漆也。……宋元之制,藏鋒清楚,隱起圓滑,纖細精緻。」清末國力衰頹,很多漆藝流派無力負擔剔紅所需的成本,不斷萎縮。

工藝特點

剔紅做法是先將金銀錫木等材質作胎,在胎骨上層層髹塗紅漆,少則八九十層,多則一二百層,待積累至相當厚度,在底漆半乾時,描繪畫稿,再「剔」掉部分紅漆,形成圖案[1]。剔紅漆器無須通體朱紅,凡是圖案雕刻部份保持紅色的,即可歸入剔紅器。唐代將黃色底漆的剔紅稱為「陷地黃錦」,北京故宮收藏有元代的黃底剔紅圓盤[2]

此工法來源甚早,惟至今因年代久遠,完整技藝已接近失傳。以台灣為例,1960年代-1970年代尚有知名藝術家賴高山發表,除此少見。

日本有相似概念堆朱,但是實際上包含2種不同工藝:一種與剔紅相同,依靠雕刻成型;另一種是將半流動的油漆膏注入模具,利用外範輔助成型。中國將後者另稱作堆漆

參考資料

  • 李萼:《中國文化概論》,1983年,中國文化大學出版部
  • 黃成:《髹飾錄》

註釋

  1. ^ “楊茂造”剔紅觀瀑圖八方盤[永久失效連結],故宮博物院收藏。
  2. ^ “張成造”剔紅梔子花紋圓盤[永久失效連結],故宮博物院收藏。
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剔紅
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