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全善 (宗教)

全善(英語:Omnibenevolence,源自拉丁語中意为「全」的「omni」、意为「好」的「bene」與意为「意願」的「volent」)是一個宗教上的詞匯,《牛津英語詞典》將其定義为「無盡的慈善」(Unlimited or infinite benevolence)。一些哲學家認为由於罪惡問題的存在,不可能(至少幾乎不太可能)在全知全能之餘展現出全善的本質。不過包括阿爾文·普蘭丁格在内的另外一些哲人則主張全善與其它神性并存的合理性英语Alvin Plantinga's free will defense。這一詞匯較多地在宗教哲學的學術創作層面被當作術語使用,以罪惡問題及相關神義論話題上的討論为主。由於「無限慈善」的構成難以有具體定義,全善一詞也通常由「完美品德」(perfect goodness)或「道德完美」(moral perfection)等短語指代。

詞源

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英文中的「Omnibenevolence」在一些清教徒評論人士筆下偶爾可見。據《牛津英語詞典》,該詞被使用的最早記錄可追溯至1679年。但天主教會并未被發現有在禮拜儀式或者教義問答中提及過「omnibenevolent」的説法。現代社會中,使用該詞者包括了喬治·漢密爾頓·史密斯英语George H. Smith——其於1980年出版的《無神論:反對神的論據》(Atheism: The Case Against God)一書中指出神的特質并不具有一致性[1]。然而這一詞匯在另一方面也被用於爲神之屬性的一致性辯護,例如喬納森·克瓦韋格(Jonathan Kvanvig)的《地獄問題》(The Problem of Hell,1993年)和約書亞·霍夫曼(Joshua Hoffman)與加里·羅森克蘭茨(Gary Rosenkrantz)的《神性》(The Divine Attributes,2002年)[2]

全善一詞也見於某些著名羅馬天主教人物的作品,如宗教神學博士英语Doctor of Sacred Theology羅伯特·巴倫神父英语Robert Barron (bishop)在2011年出版的《天主教:前往信仰之心的旅途》(Catholicism: A Journey to the Heart of the Faith[3]

參考資料

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  1. ^ Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. Prometheus Books. 1980. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. 
  2. ^ Hoffman, Joshua; Gary Rosenkrantz. The Divine Attributes. Blackwell Publishing. 2002. ISBN 0-631-21154-3.  Used throughout the book.
  3. ^ Robert Barron. Catholicism: A Journey to the Heart of the Faith. 2011. ISBN 0307720519. 
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全善 (宗教)
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