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河口灣

南美洲拉普拉塔河河口湾

河口湾(英語:estuary),又称三角湾,是沿海河口的半封闭水体,与开阔的海洋自由沟通,同时沿岸有一条或数条大型河流注入[1]。河口湾多为携带有大量泥沙的河流注入海洋时受到潮汐的顶托,造成泥沙在两岸大量沉积。在河口湾內,海水(鹹水)被内陆排出的淡水稀释[2]。由于咸淡水在河口湾混杂,所以河口湾常为水产盛产区域。

潮汐

潮波在河口湾,受径流顶托、河床阻力,能量逐渐耗损,涨潮时流速渐慢,潮差渐小;涨潮流消失的地方(潮流界)。在潮流界以上,河水受潮水顶托,潮波仍可影响一定距离;潮差为零的地方(潮区界)。长江在枯水期的潮区界,可达离口门640公里的大通镇,在洪水期只达芜湖附近;潮流界在枯水期可达镇江,在洪水期只达江阴附近。潮区界的远近,取决于潮差大小、径流强弱、河口湾几何形态等。亞馬遜河口的潮波,可上溯1400多公里;中国黄河口的潮波,只上溯20~30公里。

河口湾潮汐在一个周期中的涨落过程,分4个阶段;一般落潮下泄流历时最长,涨潮上溯流历时次之。

  • 涨潮下泄流:外海潮波向河口湾推进之初,水位开始上涨,水面坡降逐渐变小,流速减慢,但水流方向仍指向海洋。
  • 涨潮上溯流:潮波继续向河口湾推进,水位不断上涨,水面从向海倾斜转为向陆倾斜,整个水流都指向上游。
  • 落潮上溯流:潮波向上游推进一定距离后,外海已开始落潮,河口湾水位开始下降,水面坡度渐趋平缓,流速逐渐减弱,但仍指向上游。
  • 落潮下泄流:河口湾水位继续下降,流速递减,水面转为向海倾斜,水流方向也转向海洋。

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Pritchard, D. W. (1967) What is an estuary: physical viewpoint. p. 3–5 in: G. H. Lauf (ed.) Estuaries, A.A.A.S. Publ. No. 83, Washington, D.C.
  2. ^ D·W·Pritchard,《What is an estuary: physical viewpoint》,p. 3-5,1967年, in: G. H. Lauf (ed.) Estuaries, A.A.A.S. Publ. No. 83, 华盛顿哥伦比亚特区

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河口灣
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