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免疫應答

免疫应答[1](Immune response)又称免疫反应[2][註 1],是生物体内发生的一种应答,此類反應可以抵御外来入侵的病毒细菌寄生虫真菌等微生物,若這些病原不从体内清除,可能会对宿主的健康造成严重影響[3]。免疫应答分為先天性适应性兩部分,可協同抵抗病原入侵。先天性免疫应答是生物體对入侵病源非專一性的第一应答,由皮肤粘膜、一些免疫细胞(例如中性粒细胞巨噬细胞单核细胞)、细胞因子补体等部分組成[4];适应性免疫反應則是生物體针对特定抗原的免疫反應,需要更长的时间来激活,由樹突狀細胞T细胞B细胞等细胞以及抗体(也称为免疫球蛋白)所組成,它们直接与抗原相互作用,能对入侵病原作出劇烈应答[3]

生物体与特定抗原的第一次接触将刺激專一性的T细胞B细胞效应细胞英语Effector cell分化,此過程被称为初次免疫应答(primary immune response)[5]。如果生物体再次接触到相同的抗原,再次免疫应答(secondary immune response)[6]就会启动,由于生物體第一次接触抗原後產生了记忆T细胞记忆B细胞,免疫系统将能够以更快速有力的方式對抗原作出应答[7]

疫苗內含有減毒、失活或不完整的病原體,注射入人體後,其抗原能激活初次免疫应答。因此接触到真正的病原時,人體可以依靠再次免疫应答迅速對其做出回應[8]

备注

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  1. ^ 有關術語“immune response”及“immune reaction”,英語學術界並無嚴謹區分;但以英語文意來看,response 著重在免疫系統的“回答、回應”,偏向細胞或機體之內或之間的對應對答對話;reaction 則偏向化學或分子之內或之間的改變、變化、變換,例如在實驗室中的免疫學檢測法,可利用抗原抗體的「免疫反應」來定量抗體滴度。因此,本條目中文漢語的術語選擇了“免疫應答”,而將“免疫反應”附註於後,此處借鑒了中國大陸翻譯,以及日本語維基百科用詞。

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ immune response. 术语在线. [2022-01-06]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-06). 
  2. ^ 免疫反應 immune response. 樂詞網. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Sompayrac, Lauren. How the immune system works Sixth. Hoboken, NJ. ISBN 978-1-119-54219-3. OCLC 1083704429. 
  4. ^ Clinical immunology : principles and practice. Rich, Robert R. Fifth. [St. Louis, Mo.] 2018-01-13. ISBN 978-0-7020-7039-6. OCLC 1023865227. 
  5. ^ primary immune response. 术语在线. [2022-01-06]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-06). 
  6. ^ secondary immune response. 术语在线. [2022-01-06]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-06). 
  7. ^ Immune system - Evolution of the immune system. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2020-03-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-13) (英语). 
  8. ^ vaccine | Definition, Types, History, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2020-03-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-09) (英语). 
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免疫應答
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