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假聲

假聲義大利語Falsetto[註 1]),又稱假音,是指用以發出比正常音域高的聲音,並且和正常音域重疊大概一個八度

假聲是通過声带邊緣的韧带振動產生。雖然常視作歌唱技巧,實際上也常常出現在日常交談中,也是言語治療學中歸類的四大發聲方法之一。

假聲明顯帶有呼吸聲,且常被認為類似笛音,很少出現泛音。比起正常發聲方式,以假聲說話、唱歌,在音色、音质、音量等方面的中意外界線寬鬆變化明顯受更多限制。過去,由於女性假聲較男性變化更不明顯,因而常認為假聲是男性的特有發聲方式,其實無論男性女性都能發出假聲。[1] 而義大利的原詞「falsetto」,常用來形容令歌手能夠唱出超越自己正常音域上限的高音的技術。[2][3][4]

通常一般人只能偶爾發出假聲,但在青春期變聲的男性,特別容易發出假聲。

發聲原理

正常的聲音和假聲最大的差別在聲帶的震動方式。正常發聲的時候,聲門會從下而上開啟帶動整個聲帶一起震動。發出假聲的時候,只有聲帶邊緣的韌帶會震動,聲帶本身的肌肉是放鬆的。 美國聲樂教育學家 William Vennard 是這樣描述的:

隨著聲帶肌鬆弛,杓狀軟骨可能對聲帶邊緣的韌帶施加很大的縱向張力。這種張力可以讓發聲者在聲帶拉到極限之後進一步提高音高。此時聲帶變得很薄,所以幾乎沒有垂直相位差。而聲帶肌會落到喉部的兩側,使得震動只發生在韌帶上。[5]

注释

  1. ^ 為意大利語「falso(虛假的)」的暱稱變格

另見

參考

  1. ^ McKinney, James. The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults. Genovex Music Group. 1994. ISBN 978-1565939400. 
  2. ^ Titze, I. R. (2008). The human instrument. Sci.Am. 298 (1):94-101. PM 18225701
  3. ^ Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall (currently published by NCVS.org), ISBN 978-0-13-717893-3.
  4. ^ THE NEW GROVE Dictionary of MUSIC & MUSICIANS. Edited by Stanley Sadie, Volume 6. Edmund to Fryklund. ISBN 978-1-56159-174-9, Copyright Macmillan 1980.
  5. ^ Vennard, William. Singing: The Mechanism and the Technic. Carl Fischer. 1967. ISBN 978-0825800559. 
  • Warrack, J. & West, E. (1996). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera - 3rd Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Pages 157-158. ISBN 978-0-19-280028-2.
  • Kennedy M.(2004). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music - 4th Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Page 241. ISBN 978-0-19-860884-4.
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假聲
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