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人的成長

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人的成長(Human development)是指人發育英语Auxology到成年的過程。以生物學的觀點,是從一個細胞的受精卵成長到成人的過程。

生物學的成長

一般層面

精子和卵子的受精

受精是指精子成功的進入卵子細胞核內。精子和卵子的遺傳物質融合,形成單一的細胞,稱為受精卵,開始了產前發育的受精卵期(germinal stage )[1]。受精卵期從受精開始,中間是早期的胚胎發育,最後是受精卵在子宮著床,時間大約有十天[2]

受精卵有完整的基因組,會發育成為胚胎(embryo)。簡單來說,胚胎發育有四個階段:桑葚胚期(morula stage)、囊胚期(bastula stage)、原腸胚期(gastrula stage)及神經胚期(neurula stage)。胚胎在著床之前,會有一層蛋白質的外膜,稱為透明帶,胚胎中會有一連串的細胞分裂,稱為有絲分裂。受精一週之後,胚胎在體積上沒有成長,但會離開透明帶,在母體子宮的內裡上著床。會引發蛻膜反應英语decidual reaction,子宮細胞增殖並包圍胚胎,從而使胚胎嵌入在子宮組織內。胚胎會成長,發育成胚胎組織和胚胎外組織(胎膜胎盤)。對人類而言,胚胎發育到後期,會稱為胎兒(fetus)。胚胎到胎兒的分界常定義為受精8週之後。胎兒和胚胎相比,有更可以識別的外觀,以及一組在持續發育的體內器官。

不同成長的階段

以下是各成長階段對應的大致年齡:

产前发育階段
兒童成長英语Child development的大略階段
美國女童的身高及年齡的關係
美國男童的身高及年齡的關係

可以用谭纳标准來評定兒童的身體發育。

相關條目

參考資料

  1. ^ Sherk, Stephanie Dionne. http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/prenatal-development. Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health, 2006. Gale. [2013-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-01).  外部链接存在于|title= (帮助)
  2. ^ germinal stage. Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. Elsevier. [2013-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-15). 
  3. ^ Growth of Asthmatic Children Before Long-Term Treatment with Inhaled Corticosteroids页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) T. Moudiou‌, D. Theophilatou‌, K. Priftis‌ and A. Papadimitriou, M.D. Journal of Asthma. 2003, Vol. 40, No. 6, Pages 667-671.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Jaffe-Campanacci Syndrome. A Case Report and Review of the Literature.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Mohammad Anwar Hau, MBBS, MMed (Ortho), Edward J. Fox, MD, Justin M. Cates, MD, PhD, Brian E. Brigman, MD and Henry J. Mankin, MD. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American) 84:634-638 (2002)
  5. ^ Persistent osteopenia in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) – Factors predisposing to generalized osteopenia, a cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Warren T.K. Leea, C.S.K. Cheunga, Y.K. Tsec, W.W. Chaua, L. Qina and Jack C.Y. Chenga. doi:10.1016/j.ics.2006.08.003
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人的成長
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