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二十四衙門

二十四衙門並非明代宦官體制,其主官太監也無硬性規定必用宦官,是侍奉皇帝及其家族的機構,後多派宦官掌其職,因此常被現代人誤解,甚至藉清代野史證明明代有宦官十萬人,事實上這些單位絕大多數是由南京喬遷來的工匠,北京一地含其他各部會的工匠不過27,000戶,每戶抽一丁服徭役,有五年一班服徭役者,亦有四年、三年、二年一班者,故現代稱為「宦官二十四衙門」是非常不適合的。內設十二監、四司、八局,各專設掌印太監提領。隨後清初時,清朝亦仿明朝體例設有十三衙門

十二監有司禮監內官監御用監司設監御馬監神宫監尚膳監尚寶監印綬監直殿監尚衣監都知監,其中以司禮監的職權為最大,《万历野获编补遗》卷一载:“……司礼今为十二监中第一署。其长与首揆封柄机要,佥书、秉笔与管文书房,则职同次相;其僚佐及小内使俱以内翰自命,若外之词林,且常服亦稍异。其宦官在别署者,见之必叩头称为上司。虽童稚亦以清流自居,晏然不为礼也。内官监视吏部掌升选差遣之事,今虽称清要,而其权俱归司礼矣。”王振尚銘馮保劉瑾魏忠賢等皆曾任司禮監之主管。

十二監下設有四司、八局,四司為惜薪司寶鈔司鐘鼓司混堂司。八局為兵仗局巾帽局針工局內織染局酒醋麵局司苑局浣衣局銀作局

明司礼监太監田義曾兼掌的司苑局、巾帽局、酒醋麵局。

官制

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十二監

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  • 太监,正四品,一员;
  • 左少监,从四品,一员;
  • 右少监,从四品,一员;
  • 左监丞,正五品,一员;
  • 右监丞,正五品,一员;
  • 典簿,正六品,一员;
  • 长随,从六品,无定员;
  • 奉御,从六品,无定员。

四司

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  • 司正,正五品,一人;
  • 左司副,从五品,一人;
  • 右司副,从五品,一人。

八局

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  • 大使,正五品,一人;
  • 左副使,从五品,一人。
  • 右副使,从五品,一人。

参考文献

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·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷74)

延伸閱讀

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參見

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二十四衙門
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