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行人 (官职).
古时朝廷设名为行人的官职,专司外交事务,是秦灭六国前的官职。行,指外交使节的行为举止。行人之名始見於《周禮》。
行人制度,起源甚早,舜时有“纳言”,夏时有“遒人”,[1]周时则有大、小行人之官。周代大行人:“掌大賓之禮及大客之儀,以親諸侯,春朝諸侯而圖天下之事,秋覲以比邦國之功,夏宗以陳天下之謨,冬遇以協諸侯之慮。時會以發四方之禁,殷同以施天下之政;時聘以結諸侯之好,殷覜以除邦國之慝;間問以諭諸侯之志,歸脤以交諸侯之福,賀慶以贊諸侯之喜,致禬以補諸侯之災。”;小行人:“掌邦國賓客之禮籍,以待四方之使者。令諸侯春入貢,秋獻功;王親受之,各以其國之籍禮之。凡諸侯入王,則逆勞於畿。及郊勞、視館、將幣,為承而擯。凡四方之使者,大客則擯,小客則受其幣而聽其辭。”關於《詩經》的集結,又有“行人采詩”之說。[2]漢代行人為大鴻臚屬官,漢武帝時改稱大行令。自三國至元代,皆無行人之職。[3]
明代行人“職專捧節奉使之事。凡頒行詔赦,冊封宗室,撫諭諸蕃,徵聘賢才,與夫賞賜、慰問、賑濟、軍旅、祭祀,咸敘差焉”。[4]明代行人之職先於其官署行人司而設,如洪武二年(1369年)奉明太祖之命以即位詔書告諭日本的楊載,其身份即為行人。[5]。但當時行人只是禮部屬下的臨時奉使人員,且無品級。行人司正式設立於洪武十三年(1380年), 屬官有行人,正九品;左、右行人,從九品。不久改行人為司正,左、右行人為司副,更設行人345人。洪武二十七年(1394年)升行人司為七品衙門,因所任行人多孝廉出身,奉使往往難稱朝廷旨意,遂定設行人司官40員,司正一人,正七品,左、右司副各一人,從七品,行人37人,正八品,皆以進士為之,非奉旨不得擅遣,行人之職始重。建文中,一度罷行人司,而以行人隸鴻臚寺,永樂時恢復舊制。嘉靖中,存三十七員。萬曆九年(1582年),裁行人5人,剩32人。[6]
- ^ 《左传·襄公十四年》杜预注:“遒人,行人之官也。木铎,木舌金铃。徇于路,求歌谣之言 。”
- ^ 汉代刘歆《与扬雄书》言:“诏问:三代周秦轩车使者、逌(遒)人使者,以岁八月巡路,求代语、童谣、歌戏。”班固《汉书·艺文志》亦云:“古有采诗之官,王者所以观风俗,知得失,自考正也。”又《食货志》云:“孟春之月,群居者将散,行人振木铎,徇于路以采诗;献之大师,比其音律,以闻于天子。故曰:王者不窥牖户而知天下。”
- ^ 李雲泉著.朝貢制度史論:中國古代對外關係體制研究.新華出版社,2004年09月第1版.
- ^ 《明史》卷74。<職官三>,第1809--1810頁
- ^ 嚴從簡:《殊域周咨錄》卷2,<日本國>,中華書局1993年版,第5l頁
- ^ 《明會典》卷117,<行人司>;《明史》卷74,『職官三)。
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《欽定古今圖書集成·明倫彙編·官常典·行人司部》,出自陈梦雷《古今圖書集成》
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