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詞形變化

西班牙話
gat- → 「」嘅詞幹
gato → 貓
gata → 貓
gatos → 多隻貓公
gatas → 多隻貓乸
gatos → 多隻貓,有公有乸
蘇格蘭蓋爾話都有詞形變化:
→ 一隻
dà chù → 兩隻狗
coin → 多過兩隻狗

詞形變化粵拼ci4 jing4 bin3 faa3英文inflection)係指一隻因為要表達唔同嘅文法範疇而變樣。例如英文入面就有時態呢樣嘢,run)呢隻字做過去式嗰陣要變成 ran,所以 ran 就係 run 嘅一款詞形變化樣。

基本概論

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詞形變化同文法範疇(grammatical category)係兩個緊密相關嘅概念。

抽象化啲講,一種文法範疇係指一隻語言嘅文法入面物件可以有嘅特徵[1]

  • 每個範疇都有若干個可能值,例如時態可以有「過去式」同「現在式」等嘅幾個可能值;
  • 如果一隻字要由其中一個數值傳去第個數值,好多時就要做詞形變化-隻字變樣嚟表達佢屬個文法範疇嘅邊個數值。

主要類型

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廣東話同其他漢語出咗名少詞形變化(睇埋分析語),但英文等嘅多種歐洲語言就有豐富嘅詞形變化[2]

時態

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時態(tense,粵拼ten1 si2)係一種文法範疇,一隻字喺時態上有「過去式」同「現在式」等幾個可能嘅值;喺英文裏面,如果一隻字時態要變,多數常都要做詞形變化,隻字要變做第個樣表達時態,例如

know知道)呢隻字做過去式嗰陣
要變成 knew

表示件事係喺過去發生嘅[3]

包括廣東話在內嘅漢語普遍都冇時態詞形變化呢家嘢-

佢今日去行街,用粵拼寫係 keoi5 gam1 jat6 heoi3 haang4 gaai1
佢尋日去行街,用粵拼寫係 keoi5 cam4 jat6 heoi3 haang4 gaai1

-當中 haang4 gaai1漢字:行街)無論件事係而家發生定過去發生,隻字個樣都唔變。

人稱

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人稱指隻字按「主語(S)係邊個」起變化,例如英文嘅 (to) be

如果 S 係講嘢嗰個人就變 amI am... = 我係...),
如果 S 係聽嘢嗰個人就變 areYou are... = 你係...

... 等等。

數量

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文法數量:又用英文做例子,喺英文入面,數量係種文法範疇,一隻字喺數量上有「單數」同「眾數」等嘅可能值;如果一隻字要由單數變成眾數,通常(但唔一定)要喺隻字後面加 -s,例如

cat 係指一隻,而 cats 就係指多隻貓。
dog 係指一隻,而 dogs 就係指多隻狗。

某啲語言對文法數量仲會有更加複雜嘅變法,唔只分一個-多過一個咁簡單,好似蘇格蘭蓋爾話,會分一個-兩個-多過兩個[4]

性別

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亦可以睇吓英文冇、但好多歐洲語言都有嘅性別:廿一世紀初嘅法國話意大利話西班牙話加泰隆尼亞話德國話等多數歐洲語言都有「或者都可以分男女」嘅情境。加泰隆尼亞話例子:

casa vermella
陰性名詞 陰性形容詞
紅色嘅
cotxe vermell
陽性名詞 陽性形容詞
汽車 紅色嘅

變格

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變格(declension)係指名詞代名詞形容詞副詞或者冠詞為咗扮演特定文法功能而做詞形變化。

據由

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世上有一啲語言會靠詞形變化嚟表示「句嘢講嘅資訊,係邊度嚟嘅」噉嘅資訊。噉嘅語言就算係文法上具有據由詞形變化。

睇埋

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引咗

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  1. Hayes, B. P. (2010). Introductory linguistics (PDF). Unpublish textbook,尤其係睇 2.4 "Breaking up the words into morphemes" 嗰段-講一隻做咗詞形變化嘅字可以𢱕散做多隻 morpheme
  2. 6.3 Inflectional Morphology. Essentials of Linguistics. Open Library.
  3. Fabricius-Hansen, Catherine (2006). "Tense". In Brown, E.K.; Anderson, A. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd ed.). Boston: Elsevier. pp. 566-573.
  4. Beard, R (1992), "Number", in Bright, W (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.
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詞形變化
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