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分析語

分析語粵拼fan1 sik1 jyu5)係一種按構詞方式嚟將語言分類嘅方法。如果話隻語言係分析語,意思係指佢主要靠語序幫手字詞(包括助詞介詞呀噉)嚟表達啲字詞之間嘅關係,而毋靠詞形變化。例如粵語標準官話就無乜詞形變化,公認係非常分析嘅語言。

嗌法

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啲詞彙嘅英文嗌法:

  • 分析語analytic language
  • 幫手字詞helper words

基礎概論

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時態做例子。好似英文法文同埋日文等嘅多種語言,都會用詞形變化嚟表達「件事係幾時發生嘅」呢一件資訊。相比之下,粵語就係齋靠「加多幾隻字詞」嚟表達同樣嘅資訊[1][2]。想像例句

「我坐喺度食叉燒包。」

可以變成

「琴日下晝四點,我坐喺度食叉燒包。」(表達咗過去
「聽日朝早九點,我會坐喺度食叉燒包。」(表達咗未來

——多咗嘅字詞,幫手表達「件事係喺咩時間發生嘅」呢一件資訊[註 1]

語言演變

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喺 5 至 15 世紀期間,英文被指係演變到愈嚟愈傾向分析語。例如由古英文變到去中古英文嗰段期間,英文喪失咗大部份嘅文法格系統:古英文曾經有一個變格系統,同拉丁文希臘文、同埋德文等好相似,簡單噉講即係一隻字詞要視乎佢喺句子入邊做乜嘢角色而變樣;到咗中古英文嘅時期,呢啲系統都逐漸失傳。而到咗廿一世紀初,英文淨係得屬格仍然存在,而屬格以外嘅文法格近乎唔見晒咁滯,係得例如男性第三人稱代詞主語嗰陣係 he主格)但係做賓語嗰陣要變做 him賓格)呀噉。

睇埋

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註釋

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  1. 不過都有部份學者持有唔一樣嘅觀點,例如佢哋可能會主張wui3呢隻形態素係粵語表示將來式嘅詞形變化。

引咗

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  1. Bittner, Maria (2014). Temporality: Universals and Variation. John Wiley & Sons.
  2. Lee, T. M., Pancheva, R., & Zubizarreta, M. L. (2022, December). Genuinely tenseless: encoding time in Cantonese. In Semantics and Linguistic Theory (pp. 144-164).
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分析語
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