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聲門塞音

聲門塞音
ʔ
IPA編號113
編碼
HTML碼(十進制)ʔ
Unicode碼(十六進制)U+0294
X-SAMPA音標?
ASCII音標?
IPA盲文英文IPA Braille⠆ (braille pattern dots-23)

聲門塞音(英文:glottal stop)係喺口頭語言使用嘅一種輔音,通過閉塞聲門形成塞音國際音標嘅符號係⟨ʔ⟩,X-SAMPA嘅符號係 ⟨ʔ⟩。

特點

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聲門塞音嘅特徵包括:

  • 調音方法係閉塞,即係通過阻礙空氣喺聲道嘅流動嚟調音。由於呢個輔音亦都係一個口腔輔音,所以氣流會完全受到阻塞,從而形成一個塞音
  • 調音部位聲門,即係透過聲帶進行調音。
  • 發聲類型係清音,發音嘅時候聲帶唔會振動。
  • 聲門塞音係口腔輔音,調音嘅時侯,空氣只會由口腔流出。
  • 發音唔涉及舌頭等口內器官嘅運作,因為冇氣流流經聲門。

書寫

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不列顛哥倫比亞省路牌,其中嘅7用嚟標示斯夸米什語入面嘅/ʔ/

阿拉伯語等好多語言嘅傳統羅馬化方案入面,聲門塞音都會寫成撇號⟨ʼ⟩或者⟨ʾ⟩,係IPA字符⟨ʔ⟩嘅來源。部分用拉丁字母書寫嘅波利尼西亞語族語言就會以一個倒轉咗嘅撇號⟨ʻ⟩(夏威夷語薩摩亞語叫做 "okina")嚟表示呢個音,亦都用於轉寫阿拉伯語入面嘅Ayin,係IPA標示濁咽擦音⟨ʕ⟩的來源。喺馬來語,聲門塞音以只會出現喺詞尾嘅⟨k⟩標示,喺沃羅語同馬耳他語就會以⟨q⟩標示。

其他文字亦都有用嚟標示聲門塞音嘅字母,例如希伯來字母Aleph⟨א⟩同西里爾字母Ӏ,喺幾種高加索語言入面使用。高加索原住民語言所用嘅現代拉丁拼寫會用字母Ꜧ ꜧ。喺凍土涅涅茨語就會通過撇號⟨ʼ⟩同雙撇號⟨ˮ⟩標示。喺日文,出現喺嘆詞最尾,表示驚喜或者憤怒嘅聲門塞音同促音嘅寫法一樣,都係⟨っ⟩。

菲律賓語族好多語言嘅轉寫入面,標示聲門塞音嘅符號冇統一標準,一般嚟講元音開頭嘅詞語(例如他加祿語aso「狗」)前面會自動附帶一個聲門塞音(同普通話、現代德語豪薩語一樣)。部分正字法會以連字符標示出現喺詞語中間嘅聲門塞音(例如他加祿語pag-ibig「愛」或者米沙鄢語gabi-i「夜」)。出現喺詞尾嘅時侯,最後一個元音如果帶重音,就會加揚抑符(叫做pakupyâ)(如basâ「濕」),而如果重音喺倒數第二個音節,就會加鈍音符(paiwà)(如batà「孩子」)。

部分加拿大原住民語言,特別係薩利希語族嘅語言,會將ʔ作為字母使用。其中甚至出現咗大細楷之分:「Ɂ同ɂ」。7或者問號亦都喺斯夸米什語等語言嘅正字法入面表示ʔ。薩尼奇語以逗號⟨,⟩表示聲門塞音。


外部連結

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