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神經傳遞素

神經傳遞素san4 ging1 cyun4 dai6 sou3英文neurotransmitter)係喺神經細胞突觸當中負責做傳訊工作嘅一啲分子

概論

[編輯]

當一粒神經細胞所傳嘅訊號行去到條軸突最尾嘅突觸嗰陣,突觸會釋放神經傳遞素嚟影響下一粒神經細胞。呢啲神經傳遞素會黐落去下一粒神經細胞嘅受容體(receptor)嗰度,而下一粒神經細胞跟住落嚟會有點嘅行為-會唔會傳新訊號-就係由「邊種受容體受到啟動」話事嘅。受容體大致上可以按佢哋對下一粒神經細胞嘅影響,分做三大種[1]

  • 刺激性(excitatory)會令到下一粒神經細胞射資訊嘅機會率提升、
  • 壓抑性(inhibitory)會令到下一粒神經細胞射資訊嘅機會率下降、同埋
  • 調制性(modulatory)會有第啲長遠效果。

類型

[編輯]
穀氨酸嘅化學結構

當中穀氨酸(glutamate)同 γ-氨基丁酸(簡稱 GABA)係好重要嘅神經傳遞素。穀氨酸同 γ-氨基丁酸係個腦入面最常見嗰兩種神經傳遞素-腦入面超過 90% 嘅神經細胞都係靠呢兩種神經傳遞素嚟傳達資訊嘅:穀氨酸嘅作用好簡單直接-穀氨酸會對好幾種唔同嘅受容體有作用,並且對其中幾類嘅受容體有刺激性作用,又同對第啲類嘅受容體有調制性作用,例如所謂嘅「閂咗」(OFF)嘅孖極神經細胞同多數神經細胞一樣,俾穀氨酸射到會受刺激,但佢側面嗰啲「開咗」(ON)孖極神經細胞因為用第種受容體,俾穀氨酸射到反而會受壓抑[2][3];γ-氨基丁酸都會對好幾種受容體有作用,不過佢啲作用(至少喺成年動物當中)冚唪唥都係壓抑性嘅。因為 γ-氨基丁酸咁常見,神經科學家為咗貪方便,有陣時會索性就噉嗌曉釋放 γ-氨基丁酸嘅神經細胞做「壓抑性細胞」[4]

[編輯]
  1. Hall, J.E. (2016). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 930–937.
  2. Gerber, U. (2003). "Metabotropic glutamate receptors in vertebrate retina". Doc Ophthalmol. 106 (1): 83–87.
  3. Meldrum BS (April 2000). "Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology". The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (4S Suppl): 1007S–15S.
  4. Watanabe M, Maemura K, Kanbara K, Tamayama T, Hayasaki H (2002). "GABA and GABA receptors in the central nervous system and other organs". In Jeon KW. Int. Rev. Cytol. International Review of Cytology. 213. pp. 1–47.


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神經傳遞素
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