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動作電位

一個動作電位傳遞嘅圖解

動作電位dung6 zok3 din6 wai2英文action potential),又有叫神經脈衝san4 ging1 mak6 cung1nerve impulse)或者 spike,係指一粒神經細胞上某一個位嘅膜電勢突然猛升猛跌。

基本概念

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過程:

  • 當粒神經細胞表面一個位置所受嘅或者化學刺激超過一個臨界點,嗰個位置嘅離子通道開合會造成嗰度嘅電壓突然猛升或者猛跌;
  • 軸突嘅一個位置產生動作電位,會刺激到佢旁邊嘅地方(去極化;depolarization),進而又再產生動作電位[1]
  • 就噉樣一忽傳一忽,個動作電位就會好似波浪噉沿住條軸突傳落去。神經細胞就係噉將原本喺細胞體資訊經軸突傳到離開好遠嘅突觸(synapse)。令個訊號沿住粒細胞傳落去[2][3]

動作電位係一種「一係有一係冇」(all-or-none)嘅訊號。噉講意思即係話,如果有一粒神經細胞要產生動作電位,佢就一定要完成成個動作電位,唔會話中途停咗得半個,又或者一個得一半大細嘅動作電位-喺呢啲情況下,一個強啲嘅刺激唔會造成一個強啲嘅訊號,而係會令到粒神經細胞射訊號嘅頻率提升[4][5]

資訊特性

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一般認為,動作電位嘅時間性特質,例如係頻率同到達時間,係個腦所處理緊嘅資訊嘅所在:

  • 感官細胞會對外界刺激起好多種反應,有啲感官細胞會對穩定嘅刺激起反應,並且以穩定嘅率嚟射訊號;呢啲噉嘅感官細胞喺受到強度更高嘅刺激嗰陣,例如係強度高啲、掁眼啲嘅光,會提升佢哋嘅發射頻率-發射頻率以每嘅脈衝數量計嘅話好多時會同個外界刺激形成一個冪函數(power function)[6]
  • 另一方面,又有啲感官細胞係所謂嘅間歇性(phasic)感官細胞-佢哋嘅發射頻率喺穩定刺激之下會下降或者停,皮膚就係一個例子-當皮膚俾一舊物件掂到嗰陣,啲觸覺感官細胞會射訊號,但係如果舊物件同塊皮膚維持住一股穩定嘅壓力嘅話,噉啲感官細胞會停止唔再射訊號住[4]
  • 相比之下,動作電位嘅大細同形狀係由粒神經細胞嘅軸突四圍嘅環境話嗮事嘅-動作電位嘅大細同形狀同粒神經細胞傳緊嘅資訊嘅內容唔啦更[4]

睇埋

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  1. Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., editors. Neuroscience. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. Reconstruction of the Action Potential. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10958/.
  2. Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952). "A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve". The Journal of Physiology. 117 (4): 500–544.
  3. Model neurons: Poisson neurons. (PDF)
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Adrian E.D. (1964). The Basis of Sensation. Hafner, New York.
  5. Lucas K (February 1909). "The "all or none" contraction of the amphibian skeletal muscle fibre". The Journal of Physiology. 38 (2–3): 113–33.
  6. Thorpe, S. J. (1990). Spike arrival times: A highly efficient coding scheme for neural networks. Parallel processing in neural systems, 91-94.
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動作電位
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